g]kfnsf] eflifs l:ylt / efiffgLlt

g]kfnsf] eflifs l:ylt / efiffgLlt

k|f=8f=hLj]Gb| b]j uL/L

!=ljifof/De

g]kfn ax'eflifs b]z xf] . lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ oxfF !@# efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\ . tL ef/f]k]nL, lrlgofF, ltAjtL, b|lj8]nL, cfUg]oL / Ps cjuL{s[t -s';'G8f efiffsf] kl/jf/ clgwf{l/t /x]sf]_ kl/jf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . cToGt k|frLg ;+:s[lt, ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / cg]s hfthflt Pjd\ wd{;Fu ;DalGwt JolStx¿ /x]sf] o; b]zdf y/L y/Lsf eflifs lje]bx¿ kfOg' :jfefljs 5 . To:f}n] g]kfnnfO{ eflifs ;ª\u|x.nosf] ;+1f lbOPsf] klg kfOG5 . eflifs cWoogsf lglDt Ps pko'St ko{6sLo ynf]sf ¿kdf klg o;sf] ljz]if dxTTj /x]sf] 5 . w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd æPp6} efiff Pp6} e]ifÆ sf] gf/f ljutdf lbOPsfn] oxfFsf ;du| efiffx?sf] ;d'lrt ljsf; x'g ;s]g / s}og\ efif.x? nf]k x'g uP eg] s}og\ d[To'sf d'vdf k'u] . lj=;+= @)$^÷@)$& sf] hg cfGbf]ngaf6 d'n'sdf kl/jt{g cfPkl5 g]kfnsf] efiffgLltn] gofF sf]N6] km]¥of]  eg] @)^@÷@)^# sf] o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{gkl5 u0ftGqdf g]kfn k|j]z ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfnsf efiffx¿nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf cem gofF cfofd ylkof] . clxn] ax' eflifs g]kfnnfO{  b[li6ut u/L eflifs gLlt lgdf{0f ePsf] 5, ljleGGf efiffdf pT;fxhgs sfdx¿ klg eO /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . oxL eflifs cfnf]sdf oltv]/sf] g]kfnnfO{ lgofNg ;lsG5 .

@=eflifs l:ylt

g]kfndf af]lng] efiffx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lj=;+= @)%* sf] hg u0fgf cg';f/ (@ lyof]  eg] lj=;+= @)^* sf] hg u0fgf cg';f/ !@# k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St cGo efiff / c1ft efiffsf ¿kdf klg s]xL jStfx¿n] af]Ng] efiffnfO{ ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . klxn]sf eGbf #! j6f efiffx¿ clxn] a9L b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;sf] sf/0f klxn]sf] hg u0fgfdf s]xL efiffx¿ plNnlvt gx'g' t x'Fb} xf], ;Fu:fFu} Toltv]/ g]kfnLsf eflifsfsf ¿kdf g]kfnLleq} ;dflji6 s]xL eflifs e]bx¿nfO{ o; k6s a]UNf} efiffsf] dfGotf lbg' klg xf] .  lj=:f+= @)^* sf] hg u0fgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vof @^,$($,%)$ /x]sf] 5 h:fdWo] ljleGg efiffnfO{ dft[efiffsf ¿kdf af]Ng] JolStx¿sf] ;ª\Vof tn lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} lj=;+= @)%* df hg u0fgfn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf ljleGg efiffsf jStfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;lxt @)^* sf] g]kfnsf] eflifs cj:yf emlNsg] ljj/0f oxfF k|:t't 5 M–

qm=;+=	efiff	@)%*	@)^*	k|ltzt	kl/jf/
!	g]kfnL	!!)%#@%%	!!*@^(%#	$$=^	ef/f]k]nL
@	d}lynL	@&(&%*@	#)(@%#)	!!=&	ef/f]k]nL
#	ef]hk'/L	!&!@%#^	!%*$(%*	%=(*	ef/f]k]nL
$	yf?	!#!#%$^	!%@(*&%	%=&&	ef/f]k]nL
%	tfdfª	!!&(!$%	!#%#%!!	%=!!	lrlgofF ltAatL
^	g]jf/	*@%$%*	*$^%%&	#=@	lrlgofF ltAatL
&	alHhsf	237947	793416	2.99	ef/f]k]nL
*	du/	770116	788530	2.98	lrlgofF ltAatL
(	8f]6]nL	------------	787827	2.97	ef/f]k]nL
!)	pb'{	174840	691546	2.61	ef/f]k]nL
!!	cjwL	560644	501752	1.89	ef/f]k]nL
!@	lnDa'	333633	343603	1.29	lrlgofF ltAatL
!#	u'?Ë	338925	325622	1.23	lrlgofF ltAatL
!$	a}t8]nL	-------------	272524	1.028	ef/f]k]nL
!%	/fO{	-------------	159114	0.6	lrlgofF ltAatL
!^	c5fdL	------------	142787	0.53	ef/f]k]nL
!&	afGtfjf	371056	132583	0.5	lrlgofF ltAatL
!*	/fhj+zL	129829	122214	0.46	ef/f]k]nL
!(	z]kf{	129771	114830	0.43	lrlgofF ltAatL
@)	lxGbL	105765	77569	0.29	ef/f]k]nL
@!	rflDnª	44093	76800	0.28	lrlgofF ltAatL
@@	aemfªL	-------------	67581	0.25	ef/f]k]nL
@#	;GyfnL	40260	49858	0.18	cfUg]oL
@$	r]kfª	36807	48476	0.18	lrlgofF ltAatL
@%	bg'jf/	31849	45821	0.17	ef/f]k]nL
@^	;'g'jf/	26611	37898	0.14	lrlgofF ltAatL
@&	duxL	30	35614	0.13	ef/f]k]nL
@*	p/fpF÷p/fj	28615	33651	0.12	b|lj8]nL
@(	s'n'ª	18686	33170	0.12	lrlgofF ltAatL
#)	vfd	------------	27113	0.1	lrlgofF ltAatL
#!	/fh:yfgL	22637	25394	0.09	ef/f]k]nL
#@	dfemL	21841	24422	0.09	ef/f]k]nL
##	yfdL	18991	23151	0.08	lrlgofF ltAatL
#$	e'h]n	10733	21715	0.08	lrlgofF ltAatL
#%	aª\ufnL	23602	21061	0.07	ef/f]k]nL
#^	y'n'ª	14034	20659	0.07	lrlgofF ltAatL
#&	ofSvf	14648	19558	0.07	lrlgofF ltAatL
#*	lwdfn	17308	19300	0.07	lrlgofF ltAatL
#(	cª\lusf	15852	18555	0.07	ef/f]k]nL
$)	tfhk'l/of	----------	18811	0.07	ef/f]k]nL
$!	;fªkfª	10810	18270	0.06	lrlgofF ltAatL
$@	vflnª	9288	14467	0.05	lrlgofF ltAatL
$#	jfDa'n]	4471	13470	0.05	lrlgofF ltAatL
$$	s'dfn	6533	12222	0.04	ef/f]k]nL
$%	b/}	10210	11677	0.04	ef/f]k]nL
$^	aflxª	2765	11658	0.04	lrlgofF ltAatL
$&	afh'/]nL	----------	10704	0.04	ef/f]k]nL
$*	x\of]Ndf]	3986	10176	0.03	lrlgofF ltAatL
$(	gfl5l/ª	3553	10041	0.03	lrlgofF ltAatL
%)	ofDkm'÷ofDkm]	1722	9208	0.03	lrlgofF ltAatL
%!	af]6]	2823	8766	0.03	ef/f]k]nL
%@	3n]	1649	8092	0.03	lrlgofF ltAatL
%#	b'dL	5271	7638	0.02	lrlgofF ltAatL
%$	nfKrf	2826	7499	0.02	lrlgofF ltAatL
%%	k'df	4310	6667	0.02	lrlgofF ltAatL
$%	b'ª\dfnL	221	6260	0.02	lrlgofF ltAatL
%&	bfr'{n]nL	----------	5928	0.02	ef/f]k]nL
%*	cf7kl/of	----------	5530	0.02	lrlgofF ltAatL
%(	ysfnL	6441	5242	0.01	lrlgofF ltAatL
^)	lh/]n	4919	4829	0.01	lrlgofF ltAatL
^!	d]jfxfª	904	4650	0.01	lrlgofF ltAatL
^@	;fª\s]lts efiff	5743	4476	0.01	lrlgofF ltAatL
^#	ltAatL	5277	4445	0.01	lrlgofF ltAatL
^$	d]r]	3301	4375	0.01	lrlgofF ltAatL
^%	5GTofn	5912	4283	0.01	lrlgofF ltAatL
^^	/fhL	@,$!#	#,&%*	)=)!	lrlgofF ltAatL
^&	nf]xf]?ª	!,@)&	#,&!^	)=)!	lrlgofF ltAatL
^*	l5Gtfª	*	#,&!@	)=)!	lrlgofF ltAatL
^(	ugufO{+	============	#,^!@	)=)!	ef/f]k]nL -tfhk'l/of lgs6_
&)	kx/L	@,((%	#,$%*	)=)!	ef/f]k]nL
&!	b}n]vL	===========	#,!)@	)=)!	ef/f]k]nL
&@	Nxf]kf	============	#,)@(	)=)!	lrlgofF ltAatL
&#	b'/f	#,#(&	@,!%^	)=))*	lrlgofF ltAatL
&$	sf]r]	%$	@,)*)	)=))&	ef/f]k]nL
&%	l5lnª	!,#!$	@,)$^	)=))&	lrlgofF ltAatL
&^	cª\u|]hL	!,)#&	@,)#@	)=))&	ef/f]k]nL
&&	h]?ª÷h]/f]ª	@&!	!,&^#	)=))^	lrlgofF ltAatL
&*	v;	==========	!,^^&	)=))^	ef/f]k]nL
&(	;+:s[t	*@#	!,^^(	)=))^	ef/f]k]nL
*)	8f]NkfnL	===========	!,^^&	)=))^	ef/f]k]nL
*!	xfo'	!,&$#	!,%@)	)=))%	lrlgofF ltAatL
*@	ltn'ª	===========	!,$@$	)=))%	lrlgofF ltAatL
*#	sf]O{÷sf]o'	@,^$!	!,@&!	)=))$	lrlgofF ltAatL
*$	ls;fg	$*(	!,!&*	)=))$	ef/f]k]nL
*%	jflnª÷jfn'ª	==========	!,!^(	)=))$	lrlgofF ltAatL
*^	d';ndfg	===========	!,)&%	)=))$	ef/f]k]nL
*&	xl/of0fjL	##	**(	)=))#	ef/f]k]nL
**	h'DnL	===========	*%!	)=))#	ef/f]k]nL
*(	kGhfaL	!,!^%	*)*	)=))#	ef/f]k]nL
()	Nxf]dL	$	*)*	)=))#	ef/f]k]nL
(!	a]nxf/]	=============	%((	)=))@	lrlgofF ltAatL
(@	pl8of	!%(	%*$	)=))@	ef/f]k]nL
(#	;f]gfxf	============	%&(	)=))@	ef/f]k]nL-yf?sf] e]b_
($	l;GwL	&@	%!*	)=))!	ef/f]k]nL
(%	88]nw'/]nL	=========	$**	)=))!	ef/f]k]nL
(^	AofF;L	!,&#$	$*)	)=))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
(&	cf;fdL	#	$&^	)=))!	ef/f]k]nL
(*	vfDrL -/fp6]_	%!*	$^!	)=))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
((	;fd	@#	$)!	)=))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
!))	dgfª]	===========	#(@	)=))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
!)!	w'n]nL	===========	#$&	)=))!	lrlgofF ltAatL -bfr'{nflt/ af]lng]_
!)@	kmfªb'jfnL	============	@()	)=))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
!)#	;'/]n	============	@*&	)=))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
!)$	dfnkfF8]	==============	@$&	)=)))(	ef/f]k]nL emfkfsf] lrof aufgdf af]lng]_
!)%	lrlgofF	!,!)!	@$@	)=)))(	lrlgofF ltAatL
!)^	vl8of	!,%&%	@#*	)=)))*	cfUg]nL
!)&	s'df{nL	!#	@@&	)=)))*	ef/f]k]nL
!)*	a/fd	#$@	!%%	)=)))%	ef/f]k]nL
!)(	lnª\lvd	(&	!@(	)=)))$	lrlgofF ltAatL
!!)	;wfgL	#	!@@	)=)))$	ef/f]k]nL
!!!	sfut]	!)	((	)=)))#	lrlgofF ltAatL
!!@	hf]ª\vf	(	*)	)=)))#	lrlgofF ltAatL
!!#	agsl/of	=============	^(	)=)))@	lrlgofF ltAatL -r]kfª lgs6_
!!$	sfOs]	&($	%)	)=)))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
!!%	u9jfnL	=============	#*	)=)))!	ef/f]k]nL
!!^	k|mfG;]nL	=============	#$	)=)))!	ef/f]k]nL
!!&	ldhf]	*	#@	)=)))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
!!*	s'sL	(	@(	)=)))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
!!(	s';'G8f	*&	@*	)=)))!	lrlgofF ltAatL
!@)	?;L	==============	!&	)=))))^	ef/f]k]nL
!@!	:k]lg;	================	!^	)=))))^	ef/f]k]nL
!@@	gfufdL	^	!)	)=))))#	lrlgofF ltAatL
!@#	c/aL	=============	*	)=))))#	ef/f]k]nL

     tflnsf ! M lj=;+=@)^* sf] hg u0fgf cg';f/sf] g]kfnsf efiffx?sf] cj:yf

pko'{St efiffx¿df cltl/St cGo efiffsf JfStfx¿sf] :fª\Vof @!,!&# -)=)&%_ / c1ft efiffsf jStfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof $&,&!* -)=!*_ egL @)^* sf] dft[efiff ;DaGwL hg u0fgfdf plNnlvt 5 . oL efiffx¿dWo] cª\u|]hL, lxGbL, pb'{, lrlgofF, k|mfG;]nL, :k]lg;, c/aL, kGhfaL cflb h:tf efiffx¿af/] tL efiff af]lng] d'Vo 7fpFx¿d} ljleGg k|sf/sf cWoogx¿ ePsf] s'/f xfdL ;a}nfO{ cjut 5 .  g]kfnleq af]lng] efiffx¿dWo] g]kfnL, d}lynL, g]jf/L, ef]hk'/L, yf?, tfdfª, du/, cjwL, lnDa', afGtfjf, rflDnª, z]kf{,  u'?ª cflb h:tf efiffx¿df t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L cWoog cg';Gwfg, Jofs/0f sf]z n]vg cflb eP klg cGo w]/} efiffx¿df vf;} sfd ePsf] 5}g . g]kfnsf w]/} efiffx¿n] b]jfgfu/L lnlknfO{ cFufn]sf 5g\ eg] s]xL efiffn] b]jgfu/L ;lxt cfkm\gf] cnu} lnlk klg k|rngdf NofPsf] kfOG5 .

oxfF k|rlnt lnlkx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ -g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f cg';Gwfg sf]if, @)^%M^!,^@_

qm=;=	lnlk		efiff
!	b]jfgfu/L		g]kfnL / g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffx¿-d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, cjwL,tfdfª,g]jf/ cflb_
@	ldlynfIf/÷lt/x'tf		d}lynL
#	s}yL		d}lynL, ef]hk'/L
$	;fDaf]6f		z]kf{, ltAatL
%	tfdlxu		tfdfª
^	/~hgf -o;sf e'lhDjM, kfrDjM, uf]nDjM,lnt'DjM / s'DjM h:tf e]b klg 5g\ ._		g]jf/
&	l;l/hª\uf		lnDa'
*	/f]ª		n]Krf
(	cSvf		du/
!)	u'?d'vL		kGhfaL
!!	c/aL		pb'{
!@	Nofl6g÷/f]dg		;GyfnL, u'?ª
!#	cf]nr]d]t÷cf]nlrsL÷cf]n		;GyfnL
!$	v]df		u'?ª
!%	afª\nf	aª\ufnL

                      tflnsf M@ g]kfnLdf k|rlnt lnlkx?

s'g efiffsf nflu s'g lnlk rnfpg] eGg] s'/fn] Hofb} sd efiffdf dfq} l:y/tf k|fKt u/]sf]  cj:yf 5 . s]xL efiffn] efjgfTds ¿kdf cfkm\gf]  lnlk k|rngdf NofP klg ;xhtfsf sf/0fn] b]j gfu/LnfO{ g} rnfPsf] kfOGf'n] o;s} Bf]tg ub{5 .  

g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffsf cg]s ef}uf]lns / ;fdflhs e]bx¿ 5g\ .  tLdWo] s'g e]b dfgs jf :t/Lo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] clwsf+z efiffdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . zAbsf]z, Jofs/0f, jfª\do cflbsf] ljsf;df o:tf s'/fn] c;/ kfg'{ :jfefljs 5 .

g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿n] /fi6«efiffsf] dfGotf kfPsf 5g\ - g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# M @_ t/ ltgsf] cj:yf Ps} k|sf/sf] 5}g . tLdWo] s'g} sYo ¿kdf ;Lldt 5g\ eg] s'g}df n]Vo ;fdu|Lx¿ klg k|z:t dfqfdf pknAw 5g\, s'g} g]kfnleq dfq af]lnG5g\ eg] s'g} g]kfn aflx/ klg af]lnG5g\ h;dWo] s]xL t cGo b]zsf k|d'v efiff jf /fi6«efiffsf ¿kdf ;d]t dfGotf k|fKt 5g\ . * hgfn] dfq af]Ng] c/aLb]lv !!,*@^,(%# cyf{t\ s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] $$=^ k|ltztn] af]Ng] g]kfnL;Dd oxfF /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf ;du| efiffx¿lt/ b[li6 nufpFbf !))) eGbf a9L dft[efifL ePsf efiff *^ 5g\ eg] To;eGbf sd dft[efifL ePsfsf] ;ª\Vof #& 5 . cem !# j6f efiffsf t !)) jStf klg k'Ub}gg\ . hgu0fgfn] cGo / c1ft efiffsf ¿kdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL c:ki6tf klg oxfF ljBdfg 5 .

;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] sfd g]kfnL efiffn] ub}{ cfP klg cGo efiffefifLx¿ klg cfkm\gf] efiffsf] k|of]u  ToxfF ePsf] b]Vg rfxG5g\ . lzIff / ;~rf/ If]qdf klg ;a} /fi6«efiffsf] kxF'r k'u]sf] b]Vg] cfsfª\Iff ljleGg ;Gbe{df k|s6 eO /x]sf] 5  .

pko'{St eflifs l:Yflt g]kfnsf] jt{dfg oyfy{ xf] . o;nfO{ pko'St eflifs gLlt cGtu{t Jojl:yt ug{ / ljleGg efiffefifLsf ck]IffnfO{ ;Gt'lnt / Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 . dfgjn] cfh{g u/]sf] cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf efiff xf] / o; wtL{af6 s'g} klg efiff x/fpg' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy eflifs gLlt th'{df x'g' kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g .

#= efiff gLlt s] xf] <

/fHo jf ;/sf/n] efiffsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g, ljsf; / :t/Ls/0fsf lglDt cFufNg] gLltnfO{ g}   efiffgLlt elgG5 . efiff Joj:yfkg jf of]hgf klg o;};Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .

     j]l:6g -O !(*)_ n] ;dfhdf ;Dk|]if0f ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/g] ;/sf/L cflwsfl/stf k|fKt, lbuf], e/kbf]{ / ;r]t k|of;nfO{ efiff of]hgfsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . efiff of]hgfleq :t/ut of]hgf -Status Planning_ / ;+/rgfut of]hgf -Corpus Planning_ kb{5g\ -Sn;, O !(&!_ . :tut of]hgfn] efiffsf] sfo{df kl/jt{g NofpFb5 . s'g efiffnfO{ /fHosf] cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff agfpg], s'g efiffnfO{ k|zf;g, sfg'g, o H;~rf/, lzIff cflb If]qsf] efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{, s'g efiffsf] :t/nfO{ pGgog ug]{ / s'gnfO{  lg?T;flxt ug]{ h:tf gLltut s'/fx¿ o;leq kb{5g\ -clwsf/L, @)^@ M %^_ . efiffsf] :t/ut of]hgfleq s'g} efiffnfO{ /fi6«efiff, /fHoefiff cflbsf] dfGotf lbnfpg] h:tf s'/fx¿ klg kb{5g\ . ;+/rgfut of]hgf efiffsf] :j¿ksf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . ;dfhsf] kl/jlt{t cfjZostf cg'¿k efiffsf sfo{x¿nfO{ Vofn u/]/ n]vg k4ltsf] lgwf{/0f tyf lxHh]sf] ;'wf/, zAb e08f/sf] ljsf;, sf]z lgdf{0f, Jofs/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{ o;leq kb{5g\ . -clwsf/L, @)^@ M %*_ . jf:tjdf efiffsf] ;+/rgfut of]hgfn] efiffsf] sf]8Ls/0f, Jofs/0fLs/0f, zAbLs/0f, zAbfjnLsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f, z}nLsf] ljsf; cflbnfO{ ;d]6\g] sfo{ ub{5 .

efiffgLlt / of]hgfsf lglDt ;xL tYofª\ssf] vfFrf] kb{5 . hg u0fgfsf] tYofª\sn] o;df s]xL ;3fP klg e/kbf]{ hfgsf/Lsf nflu eflifs ;j]{If0fsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . s'g efiffsf jStf slt 5g\, To;sf] n]Vo ¿k 5 ls 5}g, 5 eg] s:tf] 5, To;df s] s] sfd ePsf 5g\ h:tf s'/fsf] 1fg geO{ pko'St efiffgLlt / of]hgf agfpg ufx|f] k5{ . To;}n] efjdf au]/ xf]Og, oyfy{df 6]s]/ efiffgLlt agfpg oyf]lrt hfgsf/L rflxG5 / To;df cfwfl/t eO{ ;dfh / /fi6«sf] lxt cg's"n ck]lIft kl/0ffd lbg] efiffgLlt agfO{ nfu' ul/G5 .

ljleGg b]zn] cfcfkm\gf lxtnfO{ b[li6ut u/L efiffgLlt agfPsf x'G5g\ . cd]l/sfn] eflifs ;dLs/0fsf] gLlt cFufn]sf] / cGo efiffsf jStfx¿sf] Vofn gu/L ltgsf] efiffnfO{ cª\u|]hLdf ljnog u/fpg rfx]sf] b]lvG5 eg] l:j6hNof{G8n] eflifs ax'njfbnfO{ cFufn]/ k|mfG;]nL, hd{g]nL, /f]dfG;]nL / O6fn]nLnfO{ ;/sf/L dfWoddf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L g} rLg / ef/tn] klg eflifs ax'njfbnfO{ cFufn]/ s]Gb|Lo k|zf;gdf vf; k|sf/sf] / k|fGt Pjd\ :jfoQ Onfsfdf cs}{ k|sf/sf] efiff rnfPsf] cj:yf 5 . ljb]zL efiffsf] bf;tfsf] lj/f]wdf cfˆg} b]zsf] efiffsf] k|of]u u/]/ Oh/fon, k]?, lkmlnlkG;, OG8f]g]l;of, kk'jf Go'lugL cflbn] :jefifLs/0fsf] gLltnfO{ cFufn]sf 5g\ eg] l;ª\ufk'/ h:tf] b]zn] ;/sf/L sfdsfhdf ax'n efiffsf] k|of]u u/] klg /fi6« efiffsf ¿kdf cfkm\g} dnonfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 -Gof}kfg], @)^$ M %_ .

x/]s b]z cfkm\gf] efiffgLlt agfpg :jtGq 5 / cfkm\gf] cj:yf Pjd\ cfjZostf cg'¿k efiffgLlt lgdf{0f u/L nfu' ug{ ;St5 . Pseflifs d'n'sdf Pp6} efiffaf6 ;Dk"0f{ e"ldsf k'/f x'g ;St5 eg] ax'eflifs d'n'sdf To;eGbf leGg 9ª\un] ;du| efiffefifLsf] Vofn u/L efiffgLlt nfu' ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt pTkGg x'G5 . ;DejtM oxL s'/fnfO{ dgg u/]/ xf]nf ax'eflifs g]kfndf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnLnfO{ / /fi6«efiffsf ¿kdf ;a} dft[efiffx¿nfO{ /fHoåf/f dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

cem s'g} s'g} d'n'sn] l;w} ljsl;t efiffnfO{ /fi6«efiffsf ¿kdf cFufn]/ sf]z, Jofs/0f / jfª\dosf] ljsf;df vf;} sfd gePsf :jefiffdf gclNemg] gLlt agfPsf] klg kfOG5 . pgLx¿n] eflifs ljsf;sf] ;f6f] cGo ljsf;df s]lGb|t x'g To; k|sf/sf] gLlt cFufn]sf] klg b]lvG5 .

$= g]kfnsf]  efiffgLltsf] ;dLIff

g]kfnsf] efiffgLltaf/] lj=;+= @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgkl5 g} w]/} s'/fx¿ ;txdf cfPsf x'g\ . o;clu lj=;+= @))$ sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'gsf] wf/f $$ df Joj:yflksf ;efdf s'g} s'/f, sxfgL, 5nkmn OToflb /fi6«efiff g]kfnLdf x'g] s'/f plNnlvt lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( df …b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff x'g] 5Ú eGg] s'/f plNnlvt lyof] . ToxfF c¿ efiffaf/] s]xL n]lvPsf] lyPg . k~rfot sfndf …Pp6} efiff Pp6} e]ifÚ sf] gf/f a];/L p/fNg] sfd ul/of] / g]kfnL efiff afx]s c¿ efiffsf] cg'/If0f Pjd\ ljsf;df vf;} Wofg lbOPg . lj=;+= @)$^ sf] kl/jt{gkl5 hf/L ePsf] …g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&Ú n] eg] g]kfnsf efiffx¿af/] s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ clu ;f¥of] . To;df lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿ /flvPsf lyP —

-s_ ljleGg wd{, hft hflt, ;Dk|bfo / efiffefifLx¿sf lar ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t  u/L ;a}sf] efiff, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;åf/f b]zsf] ;f+:s[lt ljljwtf sfod} /fvL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ 5 .

-v_ b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff xf] . g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 .

-u_ g]kfnsf ljleGg efudf dft[efiffsf ¿kdf af]lng] ;a} efiffx¿ /fli6«o efiffx¿ x'g\ .

 -3_ k|To]s ;d'bfon] afn aflnsfnfO{ k|fylds tx;Dd cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] u/L ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] 5 .

pko'{St k|fjwfgx¿df g]kfnLsf ;fy} g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffx¿k|lt /fHosf] Wofg s]lGb|t ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL efiffnfO{ /fi6«efiff / ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf efiffsf ¿kdf / g]kfndf af]lng] c¿ efiffx¿nfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf ¿kdf oxfF dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 . ljleGg efiffefifLn] k|fylds tx;Dd dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] u/L ljBfno ;~rfng ug]{ s'/f klg sd dxTTjk"0f{ lyPg . oL k|fjwfgn] ;dfhdf ;b\efj ljsl;t ug'{ / pT;fx 5g'{ :jfefljs lyof]  t/ klg eflifs If]qdf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx? eg] w]/} g} lyP . oxL l:yltdf lj=;+=@)%) df k|f1 ltn ljqmd g]Djfª -j}/fuL sfOFnf_ sf] ;+of]hsTjdf /fli6«o efiffgLlt tyf ;'emfa cfof]u ;/sf/n] u7g u¥of] .

/fli6«o efiffgLlt tyf ;'emfa cfof]un] g]kfnsf] eflifs cj:yfsf] cWoog ljZn]if0fkl5 ;/sf/ ;dIf dxTTjk"0f{ k|ltj]bg k|:t't u¥of] . To; k|ltj]bgdf 5kGg j6f l;kmfl/;x¿ lyP . tL dft[efiffsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;, /fli6«o efiff kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf, lzIffdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u, lq=lj=lj=df efiff lj1fg ljefusf] :yfkgf, ljleGg efiffsf] j0f{ lgwf{/0f, Pseflifs, låeflifs / ax'eflifs zAbsf]z lgdf{0f, dft[efiffsf Jofs/0f lgdf{0f, /]l8of] 6]lnlehgdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u / lj:tf/, :yfgLo k|zf;gdf :yfgLo efiffsf] k|of]u, nf]kjfg\ efiffx¿sf] ;+/If0f h:tf ljifox¿;Fu ;DalGwt lyP -g];gn Nofª\Uj]h kf]ln;L l/sd]G8];g sld;g, @)%)M#$–$#_ . oLdWo] b'O{ ltg j6f ;'emfasf ;DaGwdf dfq s]xL k|ult eof] / afFsL ;'emfax¿sf] sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g -g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f cg';Gwfg sf]if, @)^% M !)_ eGg] cledt ;fj{hlgs ePsf] kfOG5 .

aNnedl0f bfxfnsf] g]t[Tjdf ul7t pRr :t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u -@)%%_ n] dft[efiffsf] ljsf; s;/L ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf ;ª\sng u/]sf ;'emfax¿ tyf /fdfjtf/ ofbjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf dft[efiffdf kf7\oqmd s;/L agfpg] egL lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t kf7\oqmd  ljsf; s]Gb|df ;ª\slnt ;'emfax¿ klg g]kfnsf] efiffgLlt;Fu ufFl;Psf 5g\ . logsf] sfof{Gjog s] slt dfqfdf eof] eGg] s'/fsf] /fd|f] n]vfhf]vf ePsf] kfOFb}g tfklg g]kfnsf] eflifs ljsf;sf] cfsfª\Iff logdf klg k|ltlalDat b]lvG5 .

lj=;+= @)^@÷)^# sf] o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# aGof] / o;n] g]kfnsf] efiffgLltdf gofF cfofd yKof] . o;df g]kfnsf] ax' ;f+:s[lts / ax' eflifs cj:yfnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] s'/f tnsf k|fjwfgx¿n] :ki6 kfb{5g\ -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg , @)^# M @_

-s_ /fi6« M ax' hftLo, ax' eflifs, ax' wfld{s, ax' ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'St ;dfg cfsfª\Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg\ /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6 ¿kdf /fi6« xf] .

-v_ /fi6«efiff M -!_ g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6«efiff x'g\ .

-@_ b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g] 5 .

 -#_ pkwf/f -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg :yfgLo lgsfo tyf sfof{nodf dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ s'g} afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;df k|of]u ul/Psf] efiffnfO{ /fHon] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffdf ¿kfGt/ u/L clen]v /fVg] 5 .

pSt ;+ljwfgn] …;dfgtfsf] xsÚ cGtu{t klg efiffsf cfwf/df s'g} klg gful/snfO{ e]befj gul/g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t lgDg lnlvt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)^# M %_

 -!_ ;fdfGo sfg'gs]f k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{g, lnª\u, hft, hflt, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .

-@_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf lar wd{, j0f{g, hft, hflt, lnª\u, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf cfwf/df e]befj ug{] 5}g .

…lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xsÚ df klg efiff ;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ plNnlvt 5g\ . tL o; k|sf/ 5g\ -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)^$ M ^_ M

-!_ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .

-@_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug]{ xs x'g] 5 .

o;/L /fHon] g]kfnsf] ax'eflifs l:yltnfO{ Vofn u/L g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} efiffnfO{ /fi6«efiffsf] dfGotf lbPsf] 5 / dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xsnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . efiffsf cfwf/df s;}k|lt e]b ul/g' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f klg ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

lj=;+= @)$^ clu /fHosf] b[li6sf]0f ljleGg efiffefifLk|lt Gofok"0f{ gePsf] / cg'bf/ Pjd\ ;ª\sL0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf eg] ;a} efiffsf] ;+/If0f / pGgogsf nflu /fHo k|lta4 5 eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgsf dfly plNnlvt k|fjwfgx¿af6 b]lvG5 .

jt{dfg g]kfndf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffsf If]qdf klg s]xL sfd ePsf] kfOG5 . b]zsf ljleGg efudf cfwf/e"t txdf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax' eflifs lzIff k|bfg ug{ sIffx¿ rnfOPsf 5g\ t/ tL klg ;d:ofu|:t 5g\ . ltgsf] ;~rfngsf lglDt kof{Kt ;/sf/L k|oTg k|f]T;fxg 5}g / hg r]tgf klg sdhf]/ 5 . ltgdf tflndk|fKt dft[efifL lzIfssf ;fy} kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] klg cefj 5 -lu/L / cGo, @)^( _ . nIo cg';f/ ltgsf] ljsf; x'g g;s] klg ;/sf/ / ;d'bfo b'a}sf] To;tkm{ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . o;/L g} ;~rf/sf If]qdf klg /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / PkmPdx¿sf ;fy} ljleGg kq klqsfdf g]kfnsf cg]s /fi6«efiffx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ b]Vg ;lsG5 . …uf]/vfkqÚ :jod\n] klg g]kfnLsf cltl/St c¿ ljleGg efiffsf lglDt lglZrt :yfg 5'6\ofO{ ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sflzt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of] xfdL ;a}sf lglDt ;Gtf]ifsf] s'/f xf] t/ oltn] dfq g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . ctM /fHon] ;d'lrt efiffgLlt agfO{ of]hgfa4 ¿kdf nfu' ug{ cfjZos 5 .

%= g]kfnn] eljiodf cFufNg' kg]{ efiffgLlt

g]kfn clxn] ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 / ;a} efiffk|lt ;Ddfghgs b[li6 nufpFb} oxfFsf] efifx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / ;d'Ggog ug'{ oxfFsf] ;/sf/sf] bfloTj ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] x/]s efiff dfgjLo cfh{gsf] cd"No ;DklQ xf] / oxfFsf] s'g} efiff klg nf]k x'g' jf dg'{ 7'nf] Iflt xf] eGg] dfGotfaf6 of] lgb]{lzt x'g cfjZos 5 . o;n] Psflt/ yf]/}eGbf yf]/} jStf ePsf] efiffnfO{ klg s;/L hf]ufpg] egL uDeL/ lrGtf lng' k/]sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ jt{dfg ;dosf xfFsx¿sf] ;fdgf ug]{ u/L oxfFsf efiffx¿sf] ljsf; s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ljz]if rf;f] /fVg' k/]sf] 5 . xfdLnfO{ yfx 5, g]kfnsf ;a} efiffx¿sf] l:ylt Pp6} k|sf/sf] 5}g . s'g} efiff /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf a]flnG5, s'g} vf; If]qdf af]lnG5 / s'g} kl/jf/leq dfq ;Lldt 5 . s'g} efiff g]kfndf dfq af]lnG5g\ eg] s'g} cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ljleGg b]zdf af]lnG5g\ . s'g}df tNnf] txsf] k7g kf7gb]lv ljBfjfl/lw tx;Ddsf cWoog cg';Gwfg eO /x]sf 5g\ eg] s'g} sYo ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt 5g\ . s'g}df sf]z, Jofs/0f / jfª\dosf] Jofks ljsf; ePsf] 5 eg] s'g}sf] j0f{dfnf g} lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5}g . ctM g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] ;j]{If0fsf] sfd oyfzL3| ;DkGg u/L jf:tljstf klxNofpg] / To;nfO{ Vofn u/L efiffgLlt Pjd\ of]hgf nfu' ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cFufNg' kb{5 . g]kfndf clxn] eflifs ;j]{If0fsf] sfd eO /x]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ l56} ;DkGg ug'{ kb{5 . oltv]/ g]kfnsf] hg u0fgfsf] tYofª\s xfdL;Fu pknAw 5 . To;d} cfwfl/t eP/ klg efiffsf If]qdf s]xL sfd ul/ xfNg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . /fHon] cNksfnLg, cfjlws / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfP/ eflifs If]qsf] ljsf;df cfkm\gf kfOnf rfNg ;St5 .

g]kfnsf efiffx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft efiff, ;'/lIft :t/sf efiff, ;DefJo ;ª\s6fkGg efiff, ;ª\s6fkGg efiff, lrGtfhgs ;ª\s6fkGg efiff, d/0ff;Gg efiff / d[t efiffsf ¿kdf juL{s/0f ub}{ jfOjG;L, rf]Gvf, nf]ª\ufjf, d'ufnL -wgs'6fsf] d'uf;Fu ;DalGwt_, ;dJof, kf]ªof]ª, a'ªnf, r'Sjf, x]bfª\kf, jflnª / ;fGb'ª ;lxtsf P3f/ j6f efiff dl/ ;s]sf] ;"rgf ofbj -O= @))$_ n] lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] ;'/lIft efiff / ;'/lIft :t/sf efiffsf ¿kdf hDdf t]lQ; j6f efiffnfO{ lnPsf 5g\ eg] afFsL hltnfO{ ;ª\s6u|:t / d/0ff;Ggsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 g]kfndf af]lng s}og\ efiffx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg j]n}df ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{ l:ylt b]lvG5 .

g]kfndf af]lng] efiffsf ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf lxGbL, pb'{, c/aL, cª\u|]hL, lrlgofF, k|mfG;]nL, :k]lg;, hf]ª\vf, kGhfaL, xl/of0fjL, cf;fdL, pl8of, aª\ufnL, l;GwL cflb efiffx¿dWo] s'g} cGo b]zsf k|d'v efiff jf /fi6«efiffsf ¿kdf / s'g} /fHoefiffsf ¿kdf dfGotf k|fKt 5g\ . tL c¿ b]zdf g} ljsl;t eO ;s]sfn] tL vt/fdf gkg]{ s'/f :jtM l;4 5 . ;+:s[t efiffsf jStfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof !^^( kl5Nnf] hg u0fgfn] b]vfPsf] 5 . wd{sd{ / k"hfkf7df ;+:s[t k|of]u ul/P klg af]nLrfnLdf o;sf] k|of]u b]lvFb}g t/ ;+:s[tk|lt ljz]if cf:yf /fVg]x¿n] cfkm\gf] dft[efiffsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ n]vfpg] u/]sf] c8\sn sf6\g ;lsG5 . jt{dfg hg u0fgfn] g]kfnLsf eflifsf dflgPsf 8f]6]nL, c5fdL, aemfªL, afh'/]nL, bfr'{n]nL, b}n]vL / 8f]NkfnLnfO{ efiffsf ¿kdf cª\lst u/]sf] 5 . o;/L g} /fO{ ;d"xsf cnu cnu efiffx¿ 5Fbf5Fb} /fO{ efiffsf ¿kdf a]Un} efiff /x]sf] s'/f klg b]vfPsf] 5 . ctM hg u0fgfsf tYofª\sx¿df k'/f e/ ug{ ufx|f] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg jStfx¿sf] clej[lQnfO{ klg Vofn u/L efiffgLlt agfpg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 . oL ;a}sf] kl/k|]Iodf d"ntM lgDglnlvt gLlt /fHon] cFufNg' pko'St b]lvG5 M

-s_ g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff xf] / lzIff, ;~rf/, sfg'g, Jofkf/ cflbdf o;s]f dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . l;ª\uf] g]kfndf / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;d]t g]kfnLx¿ dfem ;Dks{ efiffsf] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] o; efiffsf] dfgsLs[t e]b s;}sf] dft[efiff xf]Og eGg] kf]v/]n -@)^( M &_ sf] egfO dggLo 5 . To;}n] v; g]kfnLsf ¿kdf dfgs g]kfnLnfO{ lng' pko'St xf]Og .  of] ljleGg hfthfltsf g]kfnLn] af]Ng] ;femf efiffsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . o;f] xf] eg] la:tf/} dfgs g]kfnLsf jStfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof 36\b} hfg] 5 / eljiodf g]kfnLsf ljleGg If]qLo e]bsf jStfx¿ hg u0fgfdf b]vf kb}{ hfg] 5g\ . jf:tjdf dfgs g]kfnL d}lynLsf jStfsf lglDt hlt ufx|f] 5 plQs} ufx|f] a}t8]nL jf h'DnL jStfsf nflu klg 5 . dfgs g]kfnLdf ;femf a]xf]/fx? a9fpFb} o;sf zAbsf]zdf g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffsf zAbx¿nfO{ k|ljli6 lbFb} o;sf] ;femfkgf a9fpg' k5{ / jt{dfg ;dodf o;n] k'/f ug'{ kg]{ k|sfo{sf] Vofn u/L o;sf] ljsf; ug'{ k5{ . /fli6«o Pstfsf b[li6n] klg dfgs g]kfnLsf] e"ldsfnfO{ dxTTj lbg' kb{5 .

-v_ g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffx¿sf] cj:yf cg';f/ ;+/rgfut / :t/ut ljsf; ul/g' k5{ . j0f{dfnf lgwf{/0f gePsf efiffdf j0f{dfnf lgwf{/0f ug]{, zAbsf]z gePsf efiffdf zAbsf]z agfpg], Jofs/0f gePsf efiffdf Jofs/0f agfpg] / ;flxTo / jfª\dosf ljleGg If]qsf] ljsf; gePsf efiffdf ltgsf] ljsf; ug]{ / kq klqsf, k':ts cflbsf] k|sfzg ug]{ sfd ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L g} tL efiffsf] k|sfo{ j[l4 u/L lzIff, ;~rf/, k|zf;g, sfg'g cflb If]qdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

-u_g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfo jf sfof{nodf ljleGg /fi6«efiffsf]] k|of]u x'g ;St5 / To;/L k|of]u ubf{ /fHo:t/, lhNnf:t/ jf ufpF :t/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ug'{ pko'St x'g] 5  .

-3_ ;ª\s6fkGg jf d/0ff;Gg efiffsf] cWoog / ;+/If0fsf lglDt ;/sf/n] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug'{ k5{ / To;lglDt ljnDa gu/L sfof{/De ul/ xfNg' k5{ .

      -ª_ dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffsf lglDt ;~rflnt ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;'Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ kof{Kt cfly{s cg'bfg, tflnd k|fKt dft[efifL hgzlSt / kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . o; (का) lglDt ;/sf/L txdf / hg:t/df hfu/0fd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ k5{ .

-r_ efiff ;DaGwL ljleGg sfdx¿ ;DkGg ug{ s]Gb|Lo :t/df efiff;Fu ;DalGwt k|1f k|lti7fg :yfkgf ul/g' kb{5 .

-5_ g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffsf eflifs e]bx¿sf] cWoog u/L dfgs e]bsf] lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 .

-h_g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] ;j]{If0f sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ oyfzL3|| ;DkGg ul/g' kb{5 .

jt{dfg ;ª\3Lo u0ftGqfTds g]kfndf /f0ffsfn jf k~rfot sfn h:tf] s'g} efiffnfO{ bafpg] gLlt gePsf] x'Fbf h'g;'s} efiffn] klg ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f ljBdfg 5 . eflifs ljsf;sf nflu ;DalGwt eflifs ;d'bfodf hfu?stf b]vf k/]sf] 5 eg] cflbjf;L hghflt /fli6«o pTyfg k|lti7fg nufot ljleGg efiffefifLsf ;+:yfx¿ klg cfcfkm\gf 7fpFdf eflifs sfddf ;lqmo 5g\ . g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, lqljljsf] efiff lj1fg tyf efiff ;flxTo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg s]Gb|Lo ljefux?af6 klg efif ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} eflifs ljsf;df rf;f] /fVg] :jb]zL ljb]zL lj1x¿ klg o; If]qdf sfo{/t 5g\ . To;}n] ;a} If]qsf] zlSt / Ifdtf Pslqt eO{ g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu /fHon] pko'St gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / tbg'¿k of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

^= pk;+xf/

g]kfn cToGt k|frLg dfq geO{ ax'ljw ;+:s[lt ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfF lsl;d lsl;dsf efiff af]Ng] JolStx? ;'dw'/ ;DaGw / cfTdLo ;b\efjsf ;fy k/:k/ ;xof]udf a;f}Fb]lv ;xsfo{ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . oxfFsf] oxL ljljwtfnfO{ x[boª\ud u/L Ps efiffefifLn] csf]{ efiffefifLsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ / Psfsf{sf] eflifs ljsf;nfO{ ;3fpg] jftfj/0fnfO{ s'g} xfntdf klg vnalng lbg' x'Fb}g . ;/sf/n] ljgf e]befj ;a} efiffsf] ljsf;df cle?lr /fVg' kb{5 / hg:t/df klg cfkm\gf] efiffsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df ljz]if rf;f] /flvg' kb{5 . cfkm\gf afn aflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff af]Ng, To;df n]vk9 / l;h{gf ug{ cleefjs / ;a} r]tgzLn ;d'bfon] k|]l/t ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] ljljwtfdo ;'Gb/tf lhpFsf ltpF /fVg s'g} klg efiffsf] Wjlg / lnlk gu'df];\ eGg]tkm{ xfd|f] Wofg /lx /xg' k5{ . xfd|f] Pstf, ;dembf/L / xft]dfnf]df g} xfd|f] cl:tTj 5 / eflifs ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / pGgogdf To;sf] ljlzi6 e"ldsf /xG5 .                 

;Gbe{ s[lt ;"rL

g]kfnL

clwsf/L, x]dfª\u/fh -@)^@_, ;fdflhs / k|fof]lus efiff lj1fg,sf7df8f}F: /Tg k':ts e08f/ .

lu/L, hLj]Gb| b]j -@)^&_, …g]kfnsf] efiffgLlt M ljut, jt{dfg / eljioÚ, bf}Ft/L, jif{ !^, cª\s !, k"0ff{+s !#, k[= !^–@$ .

tfdfª, of]~hg, -@)^#_, g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] klxrfg ,jt{dfg l:ylt / efiff ljsf; of]hgf, sf7fdf8f}F M cflbjf;L efiff lj1fg ;dfh, g]kfn .

 g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)^&_, ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf, @)^^, sf7df8f}F M lzIff dGqfno .

  g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}F M sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, sf7df8f}F M sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .

Gof}kfg], 6ª\s k|;fb-@)^$_,…g]kfnsf] efiffgLlt / eflifs ;dfj]zLs/0fÚ,efiffsf s'/f sfo{qmddf k|:t't cjwf/0ff kq .

kf]v/]n, afns[i0f -@)^(_, …efiffdf c/fhstf rNb}gÚ, sflGtk'/ ,@)^(j}zfv @$ .

aGw',r"8fdl0f -@)%)_,…g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df efiff of]hgfÚ,k|1f,k"0ff{ª\s &( .

ofbj, of]u]Gb| / eLd gf/fo0f /]UdL -@)^!_, …g]kfnsf] eflifs l:yltÚ, k|1f, jif{ #%, k"0ff{ª\s !)), k[= &@ – (% .

cª\u|]hL

 Eppele ,John W. and others, ed. (2012), Ethnologue : Languages of Nepal. Kathmandu: Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSun), Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University.

 Giri, Jivendra Deo and others (2012), 'A Study of Mother Tongue Based Multiligual Education', An Unpublished Research Report Submitted to DOE, Ministry of Education, Nepal.

Government of Nepal (2012), National Population and Housing Census 2011, Kathmandu : National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics=

 Yadav, Yogendra ( 2004), Pattern of Language Endagerment in Nepal, Population Monograph of Nepal, a paper presented at the seminar organized in the occassion of the Silver Jubilee of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, November, 26, 27,2004 .

-g]kfn a'l4hLjL kl/ifb\ / g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgåf/f ;+o'St ¿kdf @)&) ;fn c;f/ !( df sf7df8f}Fdf cfof]lht eflifs uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq_