सम्झनामा चीन भ्रमण

g]kfnL k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf ljlzi6 k|ltef uf]ljGb e§

                                                       —8f=hLj]Gb| b]j lu/L

!= yfngL

        uf]ljGb e§ g]kfnL k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf ljlzi6 k|ltefsf ¿kdf k|l;b\w 5g\ . pgn] g]kfnL jfª\donfO{{ ljz]if u'g nufPsf 5g\  . pgn] bz{g, ;flxTo,/fhgLlt,cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ,;~rf/, cg';Gwfg, cg'jfb  cflb cg]s If]qdf dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]/ ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ ljz]if of]ubfg u/] . lrGts, ;dfnf]rs, slj, lgaGwsf/, kqsf/, cGj]ifs, s"6gLlt1, cg'jfbs, jStf, ;+:yf ;~rfns cflbsf ¿kdf pgsf JolStTjsf cg]s kIfx¿ ;fj{hlgs 5g\ . pgsf] of]ubfgaf6 g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0fdf ljz]if an k'Uof] . To;}n] c;ª\Vo g]kfnLsf x[bodf pgsf] cfTdLo 5lj cª\lst eof] . ljz]if u/]/ >dhLjL hgtfsf kIfdf pgn] cfˆgf] k|ltefzfnL Ifdtfsf] pkof]u u/] . pgsf bfz{lgs / ;dfnf]rgfTds cleJolStx¿ hgtfsf] enf] rfxg] w]/}sf lglDt k|]/0ffk|b / cg's/0fLo ag] . e§ ca xfdLdfem 5}gg\, pgsf]] l/Sttfsf] cg'e"ltn] xfdL w]/}nfO{ ;tfPsf] 5  t/ cg]s If]qdf pgn] u/]sf dfgs sfdx¿ oxLF 5g\ ,pgsf c;n sd{sf lg;fgfx¿ xfd|f jl/kl/ g} 5g\ . ltgn] pgsf] ;DemgfnfO{ ;bf tfhf agfO /xg] 5g\ / ;dfhnfO{ ky k|bz{g ul/ /xg] 5g\ .  ;dfhn] k|ultsf] ofqf clu a9fpg] s}og\ cfwf/ ltgdf km]nf kfg]{ 5 . log} dxfg\ k|ltefaf/] s]xL k|sfz kfg]{ k|oTg oxfF ul/Psf] 5 .

@= hLjgLsf s]xL kIf

         uf]ljGb e§sf] hGd !((^ ;fpg # ut] tbg'¿k !(#( h'nfO{ !* df  /f}tx6 lhNnfsf] k'/]gjfdf ePsf] lyof] . pgsf   k'vf{x¿ wflbªsf] d}bLaf6 ToxfF a;fO{F  uPsf lyP . pgsf lktfsf] gfd ?b|gfy pkfWofo / dftfsf] gfd z}nk'qL b]jL xf] . e6\6 af/ jif{sf] x'Fbf cfdfsf] / 5lQ; jif{sf] x'Fbf a'afsf] b]xfGt ePsf] lyof] . To;}n] afNosfndf pgsf] x]/rfx / kfng kf]if0f xh'/ cfdfaf6 ePsf] lyof] .  lj=;+=@)@)df OlGb/f k'/L;Fu cGthf{tLo k|]d ljjfx u/]sf e§sf 8f= n'gf / lz/Lif b'O{ 5f]/Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf e§sf] a;f]af;  sf7df8f}Fsf] nflhDkf6 glhs}sf] v';f{gL 6f/df x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] .

        uf}/ l:yt >L # h'4 xfO{ :s'naf6 ( sIff;Ddsf] ljBfnoLo lzIff k|fKt u/]sf e§n] cfˆg} 3/df ljBf/De u/]sf lyP eg] ef/tsf] agf/;df  k|j]lzsfsf ;fy} :gfts tx;Ddsf] cWoog k'/f u/]sf lyP . O=;+=!(%* df pgn] agf/; lxGb' ljZj ljBfnoaf6 :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/]sf lyP . nvgp ljZj ljBfNfoaf6 pgn] bz{g zf:q ljifodf Pd= P=  txsf] cWoog k'/f u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] ToxLF g} sf]nDaf] Knfg cGtu{t lkPr=8L= sf nflu cg';Gwfg u/L zf]w k|aGw tof/ u/]sf] t/ To;nfO{ a'emfO{ pkflw lng ;fgfltgf ;d:ofn] pgnfO{ cNemfPsf] kfOG5 .

         e6\6sf] ;flxlTos / j}rfl/s ?lr hufpg uf}/sf] zf/bf k':tsfnoaf6 k|sflzt x:t lnlvt klqsf / cGo cvaf/n] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf lyP . ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdaf6 klg pgL k|efljt lyP .  lj=;+=@))& sf] qmflGtclu uf}/df ePsf] uf]nLsf08 pgn] b]v]ef]u]sf lyP / To;sf] k|efj klg u|x0f u/]sf lyP . ;'?df pgL g]kfnL sfFu]|;af6 k|efljt eP klg agf/;df /xFbf jfd ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|efjaf6 sDo'lg:6 ljrf/ wf/fk|lt cfslif{t ePsf lyP . lj=;+=@)!$ df t'n;L nfn cdfTosf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] uf}/sf] ls;fg cfGbf]ngsf] klg ulx/f] 5fk pgdf k/]sf] lyof] .

          ;'? ;'?df lxGbL :jR5GbtfjfbL ;flxTosf/ lg/fnf / ejfgL k|;fb ld> tyf g]kfnL ;flxTosf v'nf / pbf/ JolStTj nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6fsf /rgfaf6 k|efljt /x]sf e§  Zofd k|;fbsf] ;Dks{af6 k|ultzLn ;flxTolt/ cfslif{t eP . pgL cGt/f{li6«o hut\sf uf]ls{,c:qf]ef]l:s / dfofsf]lA:s h:tf ?;L ;flxTosf/,n';'g / sf]df]/f] h:tf lrlgofF ;flxTosf/ tyf cd[t /fo,8f=/fd ljnf; zdf{,/fx'n ;f+s[Tofog / gfufh'{g h:tf lxGbL ;flxTosf/af6 klg k|]l/t / k|efljt lyP . pgL lj=;+= @)!^ d} k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3sf] sfo{ ;ldltdf /xL sf7df8f}Fdf lj|mofzLn /x]sf lyP -e§, @)%@M$^_ . nvgpdf /xFbf pgL dfS;{jfbk|lt k|lta4 /xL ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o uf]i7Ldf efu lng], 5fq;ª\3sf] cWoIfsf ¿kdf ;lqmo x'g] / n]vg Pjd\ cg';Gwfgdf s]lGb|t /xg] u/]sf lyP .  pgL d'n's / dfS;{jfbk|lt Tolt j]n} slt lrlGtt  x'GYf] eGg] s'/f pgn] @@ l8;]Da/ !(^! df Zofd k|;fbnfO{ n]v]sf] lr7Lsf oL s]xL kª\lStx¿af6 yfx kfpg ;lsG5 M–

             ZofdHo", -kl5 km]l/ dnfO{ nfU5, ca oyfy{jfbL eP/ ;f]R5'_ ;asf] h/f] xf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yf Tof] ljgf ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / snf slxn] klg df}lns tj/af6 ljsl;t x'g kfpGgg\ . hgtfsf] ;vf{/ gx'Gh]n hgtfsf] slxNo} enfO x'Fb}g . dfS;{jfbL r]tgfn] Tof] ;"Id b[li6 lbPsf] 5– Tof] ;a}sf] sf/0f Pp6} xf], Tof] Pp6fnfO{ gx6fO{ c¿ ;a} slxn] klg ;lk|g ;Sb}gg\ . -e§, O !(^!M!)*_

         pgdf b]zleq lelqP/ s]xL ug]{ pTs6 clenfiff lyof] . k9fO ;s]/ pgL :jb]z kms]{ t/ hLljsf]kfh{gsf lglDt pko'St sfd kfpg ;s]gg\ . 6\o';gsf e/df u'hf/f rnfpg' kg]{ cj:yfaf6 pgL u'lh|g' k¥of] . c;xh l:yltdf klg pgsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg clu al9 /x\of] . pgsf] ;zSt ljrf/ k|jfxn] ubf{ pgL hgkIfLo, k|ultzLn / k|ultjfbL kIfsf] cfFvfsf] gfgL ag] eg] ljk/Lt ljrf/sf JolStx¿sf] cfFvfsf] sl;ª\u/ . ;Qfsf lglDt t emg\ pgsf afuL lj|mofsnfk kRg] s'/} ePg . pgsf] Toltv]/sf] cj:yf emNsfpg] ;ª\u|f}nf -@)^* M u_ sf] cleJolSt o; k|sf/ 5 M–

        …pboÚ sf kfgfdf ;dosf] Tof] w8\sg htg;fy af]s]/ Ps hgf ljBfyL{ 3/ kms]{ . sfo/ ;Qfsf] af6fdf 9'ls a;]sf] ;'/fsLn] ltgnfO{ em\ofKk} kj|mfp u¥of] . /, cfFug vfnL b]Vg] tF ;fn] Û /fhb|f]xL lnvt af]s]/ lxF8\g] tF c/fli6«o tŒj Û eGb} ;Qfsf j|m"/ xftaf6 tL ljBfyL{ lg3f{t s'l6P . o;/L r]tgfsf] zlStn] zfxL ;Qfsf] ;ftf] lng] Tof] sljtf uf]ljGb e§sf] afuL dlyËndf km'/]sf] lyof] .

        sf7df8f}Fdf g]kfn rLg d}qL ;ª\3,/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt / g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgdf pgn] s]xL ;do sfd u/]sf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . pgL lj=;+= @)@# df l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] g]t[Tjdf ck|mf] Pl;ofnL n]vs ;ª\3sf] k|ltlglw d08ndf ;dfj]z eO{ rLg uP / ToxfF dfcf] h] b'ª / rfp Pg nfO;Fu pgsf]  e]6 eof] . lj=;+= @)@( b]lv @)#& ;Dd pgL lrlgofF /]l8of] cGt/f{li6«osf] ljb]zL ljz]if1sf ¿kdf rLgdf sfo{/t /x] . rLgaf6 kms]{/ cfPkl5 pgn] lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno cGtu{tsf] g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| (CNAS) sf] cg';Gwfg;Fu ;Da4 sfo{df lj=;+=@)#&–@)$@ lar sl/a kfFr jif{ latfPsf lyP . o;kl5 pgL km]l/ rLg uP / lj=;+= @)$@b]lv @)$( ;Dd lrlgofF /]l8of] cGt/f{li6«odf ljb]zL ljz]if1s} ¿kdf sfo{/t /x] . Toltv]/} pgn] lrlgofF ;fdflhs lj1fg Ps]8]dL (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) sf] k|fWofkssf ¿kdf lj=;+= @)$# b]lv @)$% ;Dd k|fWofkg sfo{ klg u/] .

            g]kfn kms]{kl5 pgL km]l/ ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / ;~rf/sf If]qdf ;lj|mo /x] . k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3sf] rf}yf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngaf6 pgL lj=;+= @)%@ df ;f] ;ª\3sf] cWoIf lgjf{lrt eP . b]zsf ljleGg efudf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf uf]i7Lx¿sf] cfof]hgf, k|n];sf] k|sfzg, k|ultzLn n]vgsf dfWodaf6 ljrf/ k|jfxsf ;fy} lj=;+= @)%^ df ljeflht k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3nfO{ Pstfa4 t'Nofpg pgn] of]ubfg u/] . o;}lar @)%! k';b]lv @)%@ sflt{s;Dd uf]/vf kq ;+:yfgsf] cWoIf tyf lj=;+= @)%# df >L ;u/dfyf b}lgssf] k|wfg ;Dkfbssf ¿kdf pgn] g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf If]qdf ;Dkfbg, n]vg / Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg /xL of]ubfg u/] . lj=;+= @)%^–@)^# lar pgL k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3, g]kfnsf] ;Nnfxsf/ /x] . o;/L g} pgL o'4 k|;fb ld> :dl[t k|lti7fgdf ;Nnfxsf/sf] Joj:yf ePb]lv hLjg ko{Gt ;Nnfxsf/ /x] . pgL /fli6«o hg ;f+:s[lts dxf;ª\3sf ;Nnfxsf/ lyP / dxf;ª\3nfO{ j}rfl/s pmhf{ k|bfg ug]{ ljlzi6 JolStsf ¿kdf ;Ddflgt lyP . ;flxTo ;GWof ;flxlTos cfGbf]ngsf lglDt pgn] cleefjsLo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .

          lj=;+= @)^! df pgL g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] k|1f;ef / k|f1 kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o dgf]gLt  eP . pgsf] dgf]gog x'Fbf pgL cd]l/sfdf lyP / pgnfO{ dgf]gogsf lglDt l;kmfl/; ug]{ ;+:yf / ;fyLx¿sf] ljz]if cg'/f]wdf s]xL dlxgfkl5 dfq g]kfn cfO{ pgn] ;f] kbsf] kbLo bfloTj u|x0f u/]sf lyP . ToxfF pgn] ;dfnf]rgf / cg'jfb ljefusf] k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg u/]sf lyP . pgs} g]t[Tjdf ToxfF n]vs snfsf/ sf]zsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] h'g eljiodf k|sflzt x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . pgn] g]kfnsf /fli6«o efiffx¿, Pl;ofnL efiffx¿ / cGo cGt/f{li6«o efiffx¿sf] ;d"x ljefhg u/L cg'jfbsf] sfdnfO{ klg clu a9fPsf lyP . g]kfnL k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]vgdf pgsf] ljz]if cle?lr /x]sf] lyof] / o; sfdnfO{ clu a9fpg] k|oTg klg pgsf] ljefu cGtu{t ePsf] lyof] .

         g]kfnL sfFu|]; -b]pjf ;d"x_ / g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] ;/sf/ /x]sf] j]nf pgsf] dgf]gog g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgdf ePsf] lyof] . /fli6«o hg ;f+:s[lts d~rn] cfGbf]ngsf] pknlAwsf] xsbf/ s'g} Pp6f /fhg}lts ;ª\u7g dfq x'g' x'Fb}g egL g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] dgf]gogdf x:tIf]k ug]{ gLlt agfP cg'¿k ;ª\u7gsf] cu|;/tfdf e§sf] ToxfF dgf]gog ePsf] lyof] / o; kª\lStsf] n]vs klg ;f]xL dgf]gog cGtu{t efiff ljefusf] k|d'vsf ¿kdf e§;Fu} ToxfF sfo{/t /x]sf] lyof] . pgL ;lxt xfdLx¿ ToxfF sfo{/t /x]sf] j]nf lard} 1fg]Gb|sf xftdf ;Qf uof] tfklg cfˆgf] ;ª\u7gsf] lgb]{zg cg'¿k xfdL ToxfF ! jif{ * dlxgf sfo{/t /x\of}F . lj=;+= @)^@÷)^# sf] hg cfGbf]ng kZrft\ ToxfFaf6 /fhLgfdf ug]{ cfˆgf] ;ª\u7gsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ e§ / d}n] /fhLgfdf k|:t't u¥of}F . k|f1 kl/ifb\sf c¿ ax';ª\Vos ;b:ox¿sf]  klg /fhLgfdf k|:t't eO{ :jLs[t eof] .

           g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t /x]sf] cjlwnfO{ lnP/  s]xL yk k|Zg klg p7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 t/ pgsf] lgZ5n / lgisnª\s JolStTjsf cufl8 To;sf] s]xL cy{ 5}g . pgL ;lxtsf] ;Nnfxdf k|1f k|lti7fgsf xfdL s]xL ;b:ox¿n] hg cfGbf]ngnfO{ an k'¥ofpg sf7df8f}F df]8n c:ktfndf :yflkt sf]ifnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf lyof}F / cfGbf]ngsf kIfdf k|f1 kl/ifb\sf a9LeGbf a9L ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/fO{ lj1lKt klg hf/L u/]sf lyof}F . pSt lj1lKt cfGbf]ngsf] 3]/f km/flsnf] t'Nofpg] b[li6n] a9L ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;d]6\g tof/ ul/Psfn] csf]{ s8f lj1lKt hf/L ug]{ ;xdlt klg e§ ;lxtsf xfdL s]xL ;b:ox¿lar ePsf] lyof] t/ sˆo'{sf] c;xh jftfj/0fdf hDdf eO{ x:tfIf/ ug]{ l:ylt /x]g .  hg cfGbf]ngkl5 :yflkt ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] k|lta4tf ;d]t pNn]v u/L e6\6  ;lxtsf ( hgf k|f1n] cfˆgf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf u/]sf] s'/f huhfx]/ 5 . e§ s'g} kf6L{sf ;b:o lyPgg\ / sltko ;Gbe{df :jtGq df}lns lrGtg /fVy] . pgsf] :jtGq cleJolSt s;}sf] p2]Zo;Fu cldNbf] eof] eGg] cfwf/df pgLk|lt gsf/fTds wf/0ff /fVg' pgnfO{ ga'‰g' xf] .

       e6\6 g]kfn rLg cWoog s]Gb|sf pkfWoIfsf ¿kdf O= @))# b]lv s]xL jif{ lj|mofzLn /x] / kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;f] ;ª\u7gsf] ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/ /x]sf lyP . pgL rLgsf af/]df ljz]if hfgsf/L ePsf JolSt lyP / sltko ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o prfOaf6 cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f ;fj{hlgs uy]{ . rLgsf] gLltdf pgL b"/blz{tf b]Vty] . o; af/]df pgn] oL kª\lStsf n]vsnfO{ JoSt u/]sf] Pp6f k|;ª\u pNn]Vo 5 . hgg]tf dbg e08f/L rLg uPsf] cj;/df ToxfFsf Ps hgf g]tfnfO{ rLgdf e]6 u/fOPsf] / kl5 pg} rLgsf /fi6«klt ag]sf] s'/f pNn]v ub}{ dbg afFr]sf] eP Tof] e]6 kl5 slt ;fy{s x'GYof] egL pgL ;'gfpFy] . Tolt j]nf g]t[Tj txs} sltko JolStn] ;f] s'/f ga'emL dbgnfO{ rLgsf pRr txsf JolStnfO{ ge]6fOPsf] l6Kk0fL u/]sf] t/ rLgn] eg] cfˆgf] g]t[Tj lgdf{0fdf / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf klxn]b]lv g} b"/b[li6 k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] s'/f a'em\g cfjZos ePsf] wf/0ff  pgL JoSt ub{y] .

       ;dfhjfbL rLgsf] ;'wf/k|lt pgsf] cToGt ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] lyof] . o;af/] pgn] ;'gfPsf]  ltAatsf] Ps ;Gbe{ ;Demg nfos 5 . pgL ltAat e|d0fdf uPsf] j]nf ToxfFsf] Ps ljxf/df k'u]sf /x]5g\ . ToxfF klxn] ljxf/df a:g] leIf'x¿sf] gfdsf] nfdf] ;"rL /x]5 t/ pgL k'Ubf eg] yf]/} dfq leIf' ToxfF /x]5g\ . To;sf] sf/0f ;f]4f pgn] s] hfgsf/L kfP5g\ eg] k'/fgf] ltAAftdf ljleGg 3/fo;L ;d:ofn] ubf{ dlxnf k'?ifx¿sf] 7'nf] ;ª\Vof ljxf/lt/ k'UYof] t/ kl5 eg] To; vfnsf ;d:of 36]sfn] ljxf/ wfpg]sf] ;ª\Vof lgs} sd ePsf] /x]5 .

        o;/L g} dfcf] h] b'ªn] d'St u/]sf] /  b]ªn] cfˆgf  ;'wf/sf sfo{s|daf6 clu a9fPsf] rLgn] ;+;f/s} Ps ;zSt /fi6«sf ¿kdf ;fDojfbL emG8f kmx/fpFb} k|ult u/]sf] b]v]/ pgL v';L JoSt ub{y] . sf]xL sf]xL eg] pgsf] of] s'/f ga'em] em}F u/L dfcf]sf l;4fGtnfO{ Tofu]/ b]ªnfO{ k5\ofPsf] h:tf cfIf]k nufpg] b'Zr]i6f ub{y] t/ ;do qmdn] s] :ki6 ub}{ 5 eg] :jod\ To:tf] cf/f]k nufpg] JolStx¿ g} jt{dfg rLgsf] cfzLjf{b yfKg tF5f8d5f8 ub}{ 5g\ .

          uf]ljGb e§ b]Vt}df bfz{lgs 5fF6sf ;/n / gd| Jojxf/ ePsf JolSt lyP . em\ofKk k/]sf ;]tf bf/L, nfdf] skfn, ;fdfGo klx/g / dGb d':sfglar pgsf] afXo eJotf k|s6 eO /x]sf] x'GYof] . pgnfO{ b]Vtf dfS;{jfbsf] ;f/ / Jofkf/sf] ;"q pgdf nfu' eO{ leqL u'bL afXo ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] cg'e"lt hf] sf]xLnfO{ ug{ ufx|f] lyPg . afXo JolStTjn] h] k|bz{g uYof]{ To;} cg'¿ksf] cfGtl/s JolStTj klg pgdf cGtlg{lxt lyof] . pgL b]zsf lglDt pkof]uL hLjg lhpg] p2]Zo /fVy] -zdf{M O @))& M #$_ / lgM:jfy{, Odfgbf/, ;Rrl/q, ldng;f/ / k|lta4 JolSt lyP . g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] k|:tfj u/]sf] /fli6«o ;efsf] ;b:o kbk|lt klg ?lr glnO{ Tofusf] pbfx/0f k|:t't ug]{ sfd pgn] u/]sf lyP .

         e6\6n] ef/t, rLg, afª\Unfb]z, adf{ / yfONofG8sf ;fy} cd]l/sfdf sfo{/t 5f]/L n'gfnfO{ e]6\g] qmddf cd]l/sfsf] klg e|d0f u/]sf lyP .

            b]zleq pgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{x¿sf] 7'nf] kª\lSt /x]sf] 5 . /fhg}lts / af}l4s ju{b]lv hg ;fwf/0fsf x[bo;Dd pgL 5fPsf 5g\ . e§ lrGtgn] vfl/Psf] JolSt ePsfn] /fhg]tfx¿ /fhgLlt nufot ljleGg ljifodf ;Nnfx lng pgLsxfF k'Ug] u/]sf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfbaf/] 5nkmn ug{ hgg]tf dbg e08f/L :jod\ e§sf] lgjf;df k'u]sf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 -clwsf/L ,@)^^_ . hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfb / ;flxTosf] ;DaGw ufF:g pgn] pT;fxsf] ;DkfbsLo, lem;ld;] / ;+:s[ltsf n]vx¿df u/]sf] ldlxg]t clg :jtGq a'l4hLjLsf x}l;otn] hahsf] kIfkf]if0fsf lglDt ;fj{hlgs u/]sf cleJolStn] klg hahk|ltsf] pgsf] k|lta4tfsf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . o;df s;} s;}n]  pgnfO{  hahsf kIfdf ljrf/ k|jfx u/]sf] egL cf}Fnf 78\ofP klg e6\6 eg] To;sf] s'g} kaf{x ub}{gy] hals hah kIfw/x¿ pgdfly uj{ ug'{sf ;fy} xflb{s >4f / ;Ddfg efj /fVty] .

         g]kfnsf ljleGg  kf6L{sf g]tf / ;/sf/n] ;d]t cGt/f{li6«o dfldnfdf pgaf6 ;Nnfx ;'emfasf] ck]Iff uy]{ . ljlzi6 cGt/f{li6«o dfldnfdf uf]ljGb e§sf] ljrf/ s] /xG5 egL ;~rf/ If]qn] rf;f] b]vfPsf] / pgn] cfˆgf] wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] k6s k6s ;~rf/ dfWoddf k9\g / ;'Gg kfOGYof] . pgn] cfˆgf] sndsf] zlStåf/f klg sltko ljifodf cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f k|:6 kfb}{ cfPsf lyP .

          pgL hg:t/af6 :yfkgf ul/Psf s[i0fdl0f ;flxTo k'/:sf/ -@)%*_, gf/fo0fL jfª\do k'/:sf/ -@)%(_, uf]s'n :d[lt k'/:sf/ -@)^)_, ;j{bf jfª\do k'/:sf/ -@)^!_, ;j{>]i7 kf08'lnlk k'/:sf/ -@)%$_, k'ik nfn :d[lt k|lti7fgsf] ;flxTo ;Ddfgaf6 ;Ddflgt lyP . /fli6«o hg ;f+:s[lts dxf;ª\3n] lj=;+=@)^* df pgnfO{ d/0ff]k/fGt k'/:s[t u/]/ pgLk|lt ;Ddfg k|s6 u/]sf] lyof] . l;t' g]kfn efiff klqsf, au/ kmfpG8];g g]kfn ,  bf]efg ;flxlTos q}dfl;s nufotn] pgsf s[ltx¿ k|sfzg u/]/ pgLk|lt ;Ddfg k|s6 u/]sf lyP . pgsf lgwgkl5 k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3 cfof]hs / /fli6«o hg ;f+:s[lts dxf;ª\3,clvn g]kfn hg ;f+:s[lts dxf;ª\3,hg ;flxlTos d~r ,g]kfn,clvn g]kfn n]vs ;ª\3,;flxTo ;GWof,k|ltef k|jfx,;flxTo ;bg,dWo klZrdf~rn ;flxTo kl/ifb\,zAb ;+of]hg dfl;s,efg' dfl;s cflb ;flxlTos ;ª\3;+:yf ;xcfof]hs /xL >4f~hnL ;ef cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] h;df pgsf ;'sd{x¿sf] ;Demgf ub}{ pgLk|lt >4fefj  k|s6 ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L g} pgsf] b]xfj;fgkl5 gjo'u dfl;s / d"Nofª\sg  dfl;sn] klg pgsf af/]df ljz]if ;fdu|L k|sfzg u/]/ pgLk|lt ;Ddfg JoSt u/]sf 5g\ .    lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno cGtu{t pgsf ljifodf zf]wsfo{ ePsf 5g\ / eljiodf ;f] sfo{n] cem} JoflKt kfpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .    

         uf]ljGb e§ /fi6«sf pRr txsf s"6g}lts JolStTj lyP . rLg lj1sf ¿kdf pgL g]kfn / rLg b'a}lt/ ;Ddflgt lyP . rLg ;/sf/af6 pgn] O=;+= !(*( df ljz]if ;Ddfg :j¿k ;l6{lkms]6 ckm cg/ k|fKt u/]sf lyP .

       uf]ljGb e6\6sf] lgwg  @)^* c;f]h @% ut] ;fFem & M!* ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] afF;af/L l:yt uª\ufnfn x[bo s]Gb|df eof] . x[bof3ft pgsf] d[To'sf] sf/0f aGof] . pgL lgwg x'g' rf/ lbgclu dfq k|ultjfbL slj s]jn k'/] ls;fgsf] zjofqfdf ;xefuL ePsf lyP / cfo{3f6sf] bfx ;+:sf/df klg ;lDdlnt eO{ >4f~hnL ck{0f u/]sf lyP . ;fyLefOx¿;Fu klxn] h:t} s'/fsfgL u/L pgL ToxfFaf6 kmls{Psf lyP . s]xL jif{b]lv k}tfnfdf 3fp eO{ lxF8\bf k}tfnf lrl/g] ePsfn] pgn] lxF83'd sd ub{y] / dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{qmdx¿df dfq ;jf/L ;fwgsf] pkof]u u/L ;xefuL x'g] uy]{ . vf;} 7'nf] /f]un] g;tfPsf], pd]/ &@ jif{ dfq} k'u]sf] / sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL eO{ pT;fx / k|]/0ff 5l/ /x]sf e§sf] olt l56} lgwg x'G5 eGg] ;f]r s;}df lyPg . To;}n] pgsf] lgwgn] w]/}nfO{ 7'nf] em8\sf lbof] / s}og\ d'6'x¿ kL8fn] k|slDKft eP, cfFvfx¿ cfF;'n] el/P .

#=g]kfnL jfª\dodf of]ubfg

         g]kfnL jfª\dosf ljleGg If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg u/]sf uf]ljGb e§ ;fg} pd]/b]lv ;flxTo l;h{gflt/ cfslif{t  lyP . lj=;+= @))& df  !! jif{s} slnnf] pd]/df pgsf] n]vgsf] k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . zf/bf k':tsfno uf}/af6 k|sflzt x'g] x:t lnlvt klqsfdf ;'? ;'?sf pgsf /rgfx¿ 5flkPsf 5g\ . pgsf] ;j{ k|yd k|sflzt sljtf …zf]lift k'sf/Ú -@))*_ eg] agf/;af6 …o'ujf0fLÚ df 5flkPsf] lyof] . To;otf  k':tsfsf/ / km'6s/ /rgfsf  ¿kdf pgsf ljleGg s[ltx¿  k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . ltgdf sljtf klqsfdf k|sflzt u'08f bk{ bng -@)@#_,;Gb]z klqsfdf k|sflzt dxflelgiqmd0f -@)@$_ tyf  zflGt ;Gb]z -@)@$_h:tf sfJo pgsf rlr{t sfJo x'g\ . pgn] u'G8f bk{ bngdf k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxn] sfzLsf u'G8fx¿nfO{ tx nufPsf] j0f{g u/L g]kfnLx¿nfO{ xf]Rofpg] ef/tLo k|j[lQsf] d]v dfg]{ k|oTg u/]sf 5g\  eg] dxflelgij|md0fdf 1fgof]uL / sd{of]uL a'4df cfPsf] r]tgf, ;+;f/sf ;d:ofx¿k|ltsf] a'4sf] oyfy{jfbL b[li6sf]0f / cfˆgf] /fhub\bLsf] Tofu u/]/ ;+;f/sf] d'lSt, zflGt / k|ultsf lglDt pgn] rfn]sf kfOnfx¿sf] cfw'lgs JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .  . zflGt ;Gb]z dxfef/tsf] k|;ËnfO{ cfw'lgs JofVof ;lxt k|:t't ul/Psf] sfJos[lt xf] . zflGt ;Gb]zsf] …lgj]bgÚ zLif{ssf] e"ldsfdf o:tf] egfO /x]sf] 5 M–

         =========zf]if0f Joj:yfl;t ljb|f]x / ;ª\3if{ ug]{x¿nfO{ o'4 lkkf;' eg]/ abVjfOF ug]{x¿,zflGt lk|otfsf] gfpFdf cGofol;t ;Demf}tf u/]/ a:g] ;Nnfx lbg]x¿ jf o'4sf] ;Defljt vt/faf6 t;f{P/ zflGtk"j{s cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ lzIff lbg]x¿ jf:tljs cy{df zflGtb"t geO{ o'4 lkkf;'x¿s} ;dy{s x'G5g\ . o:tf] dglrGt] cfbz{af6 :yfoL zflGt kfpg ;lsFb}g ,a? Tof] t oyfy{ ;ª\if{af6} kfpg ;lsG5 . zflGt ;Gb]zsf] jf:tljs lrGtg oxL g} xf] . - e6\6,@)@* M (–!)_

          zflGt ;Gb]z sfJodf o'lwli7/n] ;~honfO{ lbPsf] ;Gb]zdf klg oxL s'/f o;/L  cleJoSt ePsf] 5 M–

                :jfy{sf lglDt hf] o'4 ul/G5 kfko'4 xf]

                Gofosf  lglDt hf] o'4 ul/G5 wd{o'4 xf]

                b'of]{wgx¿nfO{   d]/f]   ;Gb]z xf]   oxL

                ca lg0f{o h] ug]{ xf] Tof] u/f];\ :jo+ pxL

                                         -e6\6,@)@* M$!_

           lj=;+= @)@) sf] bzsdf k|sflzt pgsf] cGtlj{/f]waf/] -@)@%_ dfcf]T;]t'ªsf] dfS;{jfbdf cfwfl/t bz{g ;DaGwL s[ltsf] cg'jfb xf] .  !(#) / !($) sf] bzsdf klg pgsf s]xL s[ltx¿ g]kfnLeGbf leGg efiffdf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . ltgdf k"0f{ axfb'/ j}Båf/f g]kfn efiffdf cg"lbt eO{ l;t' gfds klqsfdf ;'?df 5flkPsf] / kl5 k'l:tsfsf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] cfw'lgs o'u, cfw'lgs ;flxTo / gofF ;flxTosf/ -<_ tyf cª\u|]hL efiffdf lq=lj=lj= cGtu{tsf] g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|af6 k|sflzt rfOgfh kmf]/ df]8gf{Oh];g -O= !(*^_ /x]sf 5g\ . oL s[ltx¿n] Psflt/ d'n'ssf ;d:of / cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df  ;flxTo ;DaGwL uf]ljGb e§sf] lrGtgnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] csf{lt/ cfw'lgs rLgdf clu ;fl/Psf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ;DaGwL dfGotfsf] JofVof 5 .

           pgn] lxGbLdf klg ;flxTos l;h{gf k|sflzt u/]sf 5g\ . k6gfaf6 k|sflzt x'g] lxGbL efiffsf klqsfdf pgsf /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . /fdxl/ hf]zLn] k|j]lzsf :t/sf lglDt ;Dkfbg u/]sf] lxGbL sljtf ;ª\u|xdf klg pgsf] sljtf ;dflji6 5 .

               g]kfnnfO{ a'em\g] ;d:of M Ps nfdf] / sl7g k|lj|mof -@)$!_  ;'?df ¿k/]vf klqsfdf 5flkO{ kl5 zfGtbf; dfgGw/åf/f k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] xf] .    ¿k/]vfdf pgsf …g]tfÚ, …ljZjo'4 ug{ tD;]sfx¿;FuÚ, …Pp6f lgu|f] cfdfsf] u'gf;f]Ú h:tf sljtfx¿ klg k|sflzt 5g\ . Pp6f uDeL/ lrGtsleqsf] sljsf] d'6'sf] :kGbg oL sljtfx¿df cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .

            uf]ljGb e§sf] ;dfnf]rgfÚ -@)%%_ pgsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ k|sflzt s[lt xf] . /ljnfn clwsf/Låf/f ;Dkfbg eO{ au/ kmfpG8];g g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt o; k':tsdf  ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s b'a} k|sf/sf ;dfnf]rgfx¿ ;dflji6 5g\ . o;df ;ª\slnt /rgfx¿af6 g} pgn] Oltxf;sf ljleGg If0fx¿df ;dfnf]rssf ¿kdf  slt dxŒjk"0f{ sfd u/]sf 5g\  eGg] yfx x'G5 . pgn] …lz/Lifsf] km"n ls sfuhsf] km"n <Ú n]v]/ Ps y/Laf6 xfO{ xfO{ ePsf] kfl/hftsf] cl:tTjjfbL pkGof;sf] uDeL/ cfnf]rgf ;dod} u/] . kfl/hftsf] ljrf/ kl/jt{gdf o;sf] ljz]if k|efj k/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL /fhgLltsf k|l;4 k'?if ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] tLg 3'DTfL pkGof;sf ;Gbe{df ætLg 3'DtLÚ ls 5f8fjfbnfO{ :jLs[ltÆ egL cfnf]rgf ug]{ klg e§ g} x'g\ . pgn] efg'eSt, n]vgfy, ;d, b]jsf]6f, o'4 k|;fb ld>, uf]kfn k|;fb l/dfn, x[bo rGb| l;+x k|wfg, uf]s'n hf]zL cflb g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljlzi6 ;|i6fx¿sf] d"NofÍg klg o;df u/]sf 5g\ / of]ugfysf] …;f}tfÚ, Zofd k|;fbsf] …;flxTo ;DaGwL b'O{ rf/ s'/fÚ, 8L=kL= clwsf/Lsf] …cfzdfofÚ, eLdlglw ltjf/Lsf] …l;+x b/af/Ú h:tf s[ltsf] klg ;dLIff u/]sf 5g\ . …gj g]kfndf ;flxTosf/sf] e"ldsfÚ, …cfhsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo / To;sf s]xL ;d:ofÚ, …c/fhstfjfbL n]vsx¿;FuÚ, …xfdL lsg afFlr /x]sf 5f}FÚ, …sljtf, sNkgf / oyfy{Ú, …jL/ olG6o;sf] ;Demgf / cfw'lgs g]kfnL snfÚ, …k|ultjfb / dfgjtfjfbÚ, …c3fPsf] ;flxTo / ef]sfPsf] ;flxToÚ, …kfZrfTo ljrf/ wf/f / xfd|f] /fli6«o lrGtgÚ, …;flxTodf ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf] k|Zgaf/]Ú / …g]kfnL sljtfaf/] s]xL ljrf/ ubf{Ú pgsf o; s[ltleqsf ;dfnf]rgfn] pgsf] ;flxTo ;DaGwL dfGotfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . k|ultjfbL dfq geP/ k|ltw'|jsf /rgfsf] klg s];|f s];|f s]nfP/ ;dfnf]rgf ub}{ ;flxTodf c;n lrGtgsf] ;+jw{g ug{ e6\6n] vg]sf ;dfnf]rgfsf dfu{df ofqf ug{ pQ/jtL{ w]/}sf nflu ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

              uf]ljGb e§sf] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] k|sflzt k':tssf ¿kdf uf]ljGb e§sf dfS;{jfbL lrGtgx¿ -@)%(_ pknAw 5 . bf]efg q}dfl;s k|sfzgåf/f ;'?df ljz]iffª\ssf ¿kdf / kl5 k':tssf ¿kdf k|sflzt o; s[ltdf pGgfO; j6f lrGtgk/s, ;dfnf]rgfTds / lgaGwfTds /rgfx¿ k|sflzt /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF k|sflzt rf}w j6f /rgfx¿ k':tsfsf/ s[ltleq klxnf] k6s o;}df ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . …cfˆg" / la/fgf]Ú, …cfhsf g]kfnL a'l4hLjL;Fu Psb'O{ s'/fÚ, …sf] 7'nf] / sf] ;fgf] <Ú, …gofF lrGtg j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fÚ, …ljrf/ b[li6 xfd|f] o'usf s]xL clt dxTTjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿Ú, …b]zeSt n]vs tyf ljrf/sf n';g / jxfFsf] ljZj b[li6sf]0fÚ, …g]kfn ef/t ;DaGw / xfd|f ljBfyL{x¿Ú, …g]kfnL ;flxTo, xfd|f] ;dfh / ;flxTo ;Dd]ngx¿Ú, …ljrf/ssf] b[li6df g]kfnL /fi6«af6 M jt{dfg / eljioÚ, …d}lS;d uf]sL{, xfd|f] ufpF ufpF / g]kfnL ;flxToÚ, …;Q/L jif{sf] a'9f] ;'uf / Pp6f l;sf? ufOg]Ú, …b]zeSt dgLifL M dxfgGb ;fksf]6fÚ, …o'uslj l;l4r/0f M s]xL ljrf/ / ;+:d/0fÚ zLif{sdf oxfF ;Ílnt /rgfx¿n] /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo / JolStTjdf k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] k|ultjfbL lrGtgsf] e§.df vfl/P/ tL k|:t't ePsf 5g\ .

          pgsf km'6s/ ;dfnf]rgfsf ¿kdf …dfj r t'ª\sf] ;f}Gbo{ zf:q / g]kfnL ;flxToÚ, …cfhsf] ;flxToaf/] s]xL ljrf/Ú, …;'v]{tsf] au}Frfdf /ftf] y'Fufsf] af;gfÚ h:tf n]vx¿ klg klqsfx¿df k|sflzt 5g\ .  pgn] ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] ljz]if dxŒj /fVg] …g]kfn rLg ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw xfd|f] /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / s]xL k|Zgx¿Ú, …hg ;f+:s[lts gLltsf bfz{lgs cfwf/x¿Ú h:tf uxg lrGtgn] o'St n]vx¿ klg n]v]sf 5g\ . e§sf ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ ljleGg ;flxlTos s[ltsf e"ldsfx¿df klg lgofNg ;lsG5 . tL cToGt ldlxg]tk"j{s n]lvPsf 5g\ . uf]s'n hf]zL, ejfgL l3ld/], xl/x//fh hf]zL, hgs k|;fb x'dfufO{+, jf;'b]j clwsf/L / o; kª\lStsf] n]vs ;lxt cGo ljleGg JolStsf s[ltx¿sf e"ldsfdf pgsf ;dLIffTds b[li6sf]0f k|:t't 5g\ . pgn] ;flxTo]t/ s[ltx¿df klg uxg e"ldsf n]v]sf] s'/f s]zj a8fnsf] s[ltdf k|sflzt e"ldsfaf6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . cfˆgf e"ldsfaf/]sf] pgsf] egfO o; k|sf/ 5 M–

              e"ldsfx¿df klg d]/f cfˆgf ljrf/ / ;flxTo ;DaGwL clxn]sf d]/f l6Kk0fLx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . s]xL k|sfzsx¿n] t d]/f e"ldsfx¿s} ;ª\sng klg k|sfzg ug'{ k¥of] elg /x]sf 5g\ . -e§, @)^!M!!_

         pgsf lgaGwfTds /rgfx¿df …¿k/]vfÚ df k|sflzt …?Gr] xfF;f]x¿Ú nufotsf kfFr lgaGw, …g]kfnsf ldq /fx'n ;f+s[TofogÚ, …Pp6f cFWof/f] ;x/ / s]xL h'gls/Lx¿Ú, …nfnL u'/fF;, ;"o{d'vL / sf]df]/f]sf] ;DemgfÚ cflb cg]s /rgfx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;ª\3sf] …dlxnf d'lStÚ gfds klqsfdf k|sflzt pgsf] gf/L d'lSt ;DaGwL n]v klg ljlzi6 lsl;dsf]  5 . pgL lxGbL / cª\u|]hLsf] /fd|f] 1fg ePsf JolSt lyP . pgsf ljleGg cg"lbt n]vx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . ltg} n]vsf] z[ª\vnfdf pgsf] …gf]d rf]D:sL M cd]l/sfsf] afFemf] e"lddf Ps ljj]szLn dgLifLÚ -@)%#_ h:tf] cg"lbt n]vnfO{ klg lng ;lsG5 .

        oL s[ltx¿sf cltl/St …;To axfb'/sf] syfÚ -sfJo_, …o'u ljhoÚ -n3'syf ;ª\u|x_, …uwf / dflg;Ú -lgaGw ;ª\u|x_ h:tf s[ltx¿ klg e§n] n]v]sf] hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 -sflGtk'/, @)^* c;f]h @^, k[=  u_ . e§ :jo+n] o; kª\lStsf] n]vs ;d]tnfO{ lbPsf] hfgsf/Laf6 pgsf cg]s n]vx¿ ljleGg klqsfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] / sltko s[lt ck|sflzt cj:yfdf /x]sf] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 . pgn] cfkm} eg]sf 5g\ M–

             d]/f cGo k|sflzt ck|sflzt /rgfx¿nfO{ a6'n]/ k':tssf] cfsf/ lbg] xf] eg] *÷!) j6f k':tsx¿ aGg ;S5g\ . Pp6f dxfsfJo / Pp6f v08sfJo cln nfUg] xf] eg] tof/} 5g\ eg] klg x'G5 . Kn]6f]sf] u0ftGqsf] cfwf cg'jfb u/]sf] 5' . k|sfzgsf nflu ;fyLx¿n] pT;'stf klg b]vfpg' ePsf] 5 . gf/fo0f 3f6sf] Pp6f klqsfn] …;flxTo / ;dfhÚ zLif{sdf d]/f] k':ts k|sflzt x'Fb} 5 egL ;bfzok"j{s k|rf/ klg u¥of] t/ ;f] k':ts k|sflzt ePg . jf:tjdf k|sfzgk|lt vf; cle?lr d}n] lnPs} 5}g . -e§, @)%@M$&_

      pgsf] …Pp6f dxfsfJo / Pp6f v08sfJo cln nfUg] xf] eg] tof/} 5g\Ú eGg] egfOaf6 pgsf] sljTjn] hLjg hut\sf] lj:t[t cleJolSt / Jofks cfofdlt/ k|j]z ul/ ;s]sf] kfOG5 oBlk tL s[ltx¿sf]  k|sfzg eO{ /;f:jfbg ug{ eg] kf7sx¿n] kfPsf 5}gg\ . o'ujf0fL, ;flxTo, ¿k/]vf, lxdfgL, z[ª\vnf, lem;ld;], k|n];, /ftf] y'Fuf, ;+:s[lt, zAb ;+of]hg cflb cg]s klqsfdf pgsf km'6s/ /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ .

          e§ lsg k|sfzgk|lt pT;'s /x]gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] sf/0f klg pgsf] cGtjf{tf{af6 :ki6 ePsf] 5 . klxnf] s'/f pgnfO{ cfly{s cefjn] k|sfzgdf afwf k'¥ofPsf] lyof] eg] bf];|f] s'/f pgdf dfS;{ Pª\u]N;n] n]vgnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lng] u/]sf] s'/fsf] ulx/f] 5fk k/]sf] lyof] / cfˆgf /rgfdf cg';Gwfgsf] sdL cg'ej u/L pgL c;Gt'i6 x'g] / ltgdf k'glj{rf/ ug]{ ;f]r cfpFYof] -e§, P]hg_ . pgn] yk ldlxg]t ug]{ ;f]rfO agfO /xFbf pgsf sltko dxŒjk"0f{ s[ltx¿ ;fj{hlgs x'g ;s]gg\  tfklg tL oxL wtL{df 5g\ / ltgsf] zf]wvf]h u/L k|sfzg ug{ cfjZos 5 .

       cg';Gwfgdf uf]ljGb e§sf] ljz]if kx'Fr / k|flKt b]lvG5 . pgn] lkPr=8L= zf]wu|Gy tof/ u/]/ klg  s]xL cfˆg} / s]xL ljZj ljBfnosf lgodsf aGwgn] ubf{ a'emfpg ;s]gg\ tfklg pgL 1fgsf b[li6n] zf]wljlw / zf]w n]vgaf/] k'/} kl/lrt lyP . To;}n] pgsf] n]vgn] cg';Gwfg ljlwsf] w/ftn kfpFYof] / ljZj;gLo aGYof] . ljBfjfl/lw tx;Ddsf s}og\ zf]wfyL{sf ;Nnfxsf/, ljz]if1 / d"Nofª\sg stf{sf e"ldsfdf /x]/ pgn] w]/}nfO{ ;xof]u u/] / cg';Gwfg If]qdf pgsf] lj1tf pNn]vgLo /x\of] .

        jStfsf ¿kdf klg uf]ljGb e§ s'zn / k|v/ lyP . pgL cfˆgf csf6\o / :ki6 ts{åf/f >f]tfsf dgdf k|efj kfg{ ;Ifd lyP . oL kª\lSts. n]vsn] b'O{ j6f pgsf jStJosf] ulx/f] k|efj ;Fufn]sf] 5 . Pp6f ;efdf s]xL n]vsx¿n] …;|i6f ;bf ;Qfsf] lj/f]wL x'G5Ú eGg] dt a];/L p/fln /x]sf j]nf e§n] …n]vs k|ltlj|mofjfbL ;Qfsf] lj/f]wL x'G5 t/ hgtfsf] ;dfhjfbL ;Qfsf] ;dy{s x'G5 / To;sf] lgdf{0f / ;'b[9Ls/0fdf of]ubfg u5{, ;|i6f ;bf ;Qfsf] lj/f]wL x'G5 eGg] s'/f k|ltlj|mofjfbLx¿n] clu ;f/]sf] cledt xf]Ú egL ;a}nfO{ cjfs\ t'NofPsf lyP  eg] csf]{ Pp6f ;efdf lj;Ëltsf] rrf{ ug'{ k|ultzLntf xf] eGb} kfl/hftsf] lz/Lifsf] km"ndf ;d]t k|ultzLntf b]Vg]x¿nfO{ ;dfhdf pHofnf] kIf k6Ss} gb]vL cFWof/f] dfq b]Vg' Psfª\uLkg xf], n]vsn] pHofnf] / cFWof/f] b'a} b]Vg ;Sg' k5{ egL gfhafkm kf/]sf lyP .

$= cGt

     uf]ljGb e§sf] lgwgdf ljleGg kq klqsfdf ;fj{hlgs ePsf lgDg lnlvt egfOx¿n] uf]ljGb e6\6sf] l/Sttf / cefjsf] ulx/f] cg'e"lt u/fpFb} pgsf] dxfgtfdf k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\ M–

          -s_  gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ lbzfdf af}l4s ;flxlTos If]qaf6 s]xL ug'{ / dfgl;s bf;tf x6]sf] b]Vg rfxg' h:tf pxfFsf OR5f lyP, hf] ca cw'/} /x] . -yfkf, @)^*M&_

           -V_  xfd|f] ;dfhsf] dfg;df sfod cFWof/f] eufpg cxf]/fq lrGtgzLn÷lj|mofzLn e§ r]tg k'~h g} x'g' x'GYof] . pxfFn] afn]sf] r]tgfsf] lbof]n] ;fdGtL ;dfhsf] ¿l9a'9L slt efUof], slt kl/dflh{t / kl/is[t eof] xfd|f] dfgl;stfdf To;sf] k/v ug{ afFsL 5 . -clwsf/L, @)^*M&_

          -u_cfh pxfF x'g' x'Gg eGbf xfd|f ;dfhsf] af}l4s hut\sf] jfdkGyL cfGbf]ngsf] 7'nf] Pp6f zlSt x/fPsf] kf] xf] ls eGg] s'/fn] klg d]/f] dg cem}F lvGg ePsf] 5 . -dfgGw/, @)^*M^_

          -3_ cfnf]rgf u/] nuQ} e]6\bf klg dk|ltsf] efjdf pgdf d}n] slxNo} s'g} b'ef{j b]lvgF . ;w}F p:t} s?0ffdoL, ;w}F p:t} km/fl;nf, ;w}F p:t} 76\ofOnf . To:tf uf]ljGb e§ Ps b'M:jKgdf em}F ljgf k"j{ ;"rgf x7ft\ cnk eP . hLjgsf] au}Frfdf df}g / lj|mofxLg eP klg Pp6f dfnL lyof] . pbf; b[li6n] x]5'{ Tof] ca 5}g . -;ª\u|f}nf, @)^*M&_

          -ª_ dfS;{jfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] If]qdf uf]ljGb e§sf] ljlzi6 / pRr :yfg /x]sf] 5 .  pgsf] k|lzIf0faf6 g]kfnL ;flxTo, snf / ;+:s[lt If]qsf cg]s ;|i6f k|lzlIft ePsf 5g\ . pgsf] cj;fgn] bfz{lgs ljZn]if0fsf] 7'n} If]q l/St ePsf] h:tf] cfef; ePsf] 5 . -k|l>t, @)^*M$_

             uf]ljGb e§sf] hLjg, l;h{g,lrGtg, lj|mofzLntf, Jojxf/ cflbsf dfem pgsf] rxlsnf] / ;Ddflgt 5lj lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . pgn] Ifl0fs k|j[lQsf cfj]udo cleJolSt / n]vgdf vf;} ?lr lnPgg\, a? ljifonfO{ uDeL/ / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|:t't ug]{ k4ltnfO{ cFufNg k'u]] . pgn] rrf{df cfpgsf lglDt ul/g] s'g} s'/fdf klg vf; ?lr b]vfPgg\, cfˆg} /rgfx¿nfO{ k|sflzt ug]{ / k':tsfsf/ ¿k lbg] s'/fdf klg pgL ltgdf sdhf]/L dx;'; u/L kl/dfh{gsf lglDt 3f]l/O /x] . pgn] To;f] u/] klg pgsf /rgfsf] d"Noaf]w u/L s]xL ;+:yf / JolStn] pgsf s]xL /rgfx¿nfO{ k':tsfsf/ :j¿k k|bfg u/] . pgsf 5l/Psf / ck|sflzt /rgfx¿lt/ b[li6 nufpFbf k|sfzgsf] sfd gu0o dfqfdf g} ePsf] b]lvG5 . tL ;a}sf] zf]wvf]h u/L k|sfzg ug{ ;s]df g]kfnL jfª\dosf ;fy} oxfFsf] ;dfh / /fi6« ljz]if nfeflGjt x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt 5 . ;fdGtL, k'FhLjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbL zf]if0f / lyrf]ldrf]af6 ;dfhnfO{ d'lSt lbnfpg cfkm} cu|;/ eP/ clg c¿nfO{ k|]l/t pT;flxt u/]/ pgn] nufPsf] u'g ;bf ;Demg nfos 5 . k|ultjfbL lzlj/sf Ps ;zSt :tDesf ¿kdf pgn] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o hLjg hut\lt/ b[li6 nufpFb} k|:t't u/]sf lgisif{x¿n] xfdLnfO{ cfnf]lst ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . pgsf /fli6«o efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t ljrf/x¿n] xfdLnfO{ ;'b"/ eljio;Dd dfu{ bz{g ul/ /xg] 5g\ . pgL eGy], æg]kfn dxfg\ ;Defjgf af]s]sf] ;fgf] b]z xf] . ljZj ;d'bfosf] cf]h:jL ;b:odf o;nfO{ kl/0ft ug{ xfdL ;a}n] cfˆgf] /rgfTds zlSt nufpg' k5{ .Æ -zdf{ O= @))& M #$_ cgsf] lgwg xfd|f lglDt ck"/0fLo Iflt xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

cgfd -@)^*_ …;dfnf]rs e§ /x]gg\Ú, sflGtk'/, @)^* c;f]h @^, k[= !! .

clwsf/L, jf;'b]j -@)^*_, …r]tg k'~hsf] dnfdL hfFbfÚ, uf]/vf kq, @)^* sflQ{s ^, k[= & .

=== === === -@)^*_, …k|v/ lrGtsaf/]Ú, gjo'u, @!M!@, k[=$)–$@ .

yfkf, ;"o{ -@)^*_, …k|ultjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] lhpFbf] af3Ú, sflGtk'/, !(M@$%, @)^* sflQ{s *, k[= & .

y':;', bof lszg -@)%#_, …gf]d rf]D:sL M cd]l/sfsf] afFemf] e"lddf Ps ljj]szLn dgLifLÚ, cg' uf]ljGb e§,;+:s[lt, #M@, k[= !&–@) .

kf08],x'df -@)^^_,uf]ljGb e6\6sf] hLjgL,JolStTj / s[ltTjsf] ;ª\lIfKt cWoog,sf7df8f}F Mcfkm} .

k|l>t, df]bgfy -@)^*_, labf eP ljVoft b'O{ ;|i6f, a'wjf/, !^M$^, k[= $ .

e§, uf]ljGb -@)@%_, …hg ;flxTo, cfGb|fe'F8L / cfFVffÚ ;f]/7L, xl/x/ /fh hf]zL, sf7df8f}F M             ¿kfog k|sfzg .

=== === === -@)@*_ zflGt ;Gb]z,bf]= ;+=,sf7df8f}F M nf]s k|sfzg .

=== === === -@)$)_…;flxTodf ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf] k|Zgaf/]Ú, /lZd, !M@, k[=@%–#% .

=== === ===  -@)$!_, …g]kfnL ;flxTosf Ps dxfg\ lje"ltÚ, z[ª\vnf, jif{ &, k"0ff{Í !#, k[= #$–#% .

=== ===== === -@)$!_, …g]kfnnfO{ a'em\g] ;d:of M Ps nfdf] / sl7g k|lj|mofÚ, ¿k/]vf, jif{ @%, cÍ !, k"0ff{Í @&&, k[= !$%–!&^ / @*%–@(! .

=== === === -@)$^_, …nfnL u'/fF;, ;"o{d'vL / sf]/f]df]sf] ;DemgfÚ, z[ª\vnf, !M$, k[= #)–$) .

=== === === -@)$(_, …g]kfn rLg ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw, xfd|f] /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / s]xL k|Zgx¿Ú, ;+:s[lt, !M!, k[= $$–&% .

=== === ===-@)%@_ …;'v]{tsf] au}Frfdf /ftf] y'Fufsf] af;gfÚ, ;flxTo ;'dg ,;Dkf=hLj]Gb| b]j lu/L / cGo,sf7df8f}F M;'v]{tL sNof0f ;dfh .

=== === === -@)%#_, …jl/i7 k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf/ uf]ljGb e§;Fu cGtjf{tf{, /ftf] y'Fuf, %M#, k[= $%–    %! .

=== === === -@)%#_, …of}6f cFWof/f] zx/ / s]xL h"gsL/Lx¿Ú, /ftf] y'Fuf, ^M$, k[= !#%–!$* .

=== === === -@)%#_, …dfjr t'ªsf] ;f}Gbo{ zf:q / g]kfnL ;flxToÚ, k|n];, $M$, k[= (–!( .

=== === === -@)%$_, …g]kfnsf ldq /fx'n ;f+:s[TofogÚ, /ftf] y'Fuf, &M%, k[= !!–!^ .

=== === === -@)%$_, …g]kfnL gj hfu/0fsf Ps k|a'4 :jKgb|i6fÚ, k|n];, jif{ $, k"0ff{Í !),

=== === === -@)%%_, uf]ljGb e§sf ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}FM au/ kmfpG8];g g]kfn .

=== === === -@)%&_, …nf]s ;flxTo k9\g] Ps gofF b[li6Ú, nf]s ;flxTosf] cjnf]sg, hLj]Gb| b]j lu/L, k[= !)–!$ .

=== === === -@)%*_, …ejfgL l3ld/]sf] cleJolSt ljljw / s]xL ;fGble{s s'/fx¿Ú, d]/f cleJolSt ljljw, ejfgL l3ld/], sf7df8f}F M efg' k|sfzg .

=== === === -@)%*_, …cfzf cfj|mf]z / cf:yfsf] slatfÚ, cfkmGtnfO{ ;Daf]wg, jf;'b]j clwsf/L, sf7df8f}FM kl/j]z k|sfzg .

=== === === -@)%*_, …uf]ljGb e§sf dfS;{jfbL lrGtgx¿Ú, bf]efg, @ M @ .

=== === === -@)%*_, …cfhsf] ;flxToaf/] s]xL ljrf/ M lem;ld;], @# M #^, k[= !!–!% .

=== === === -@)%(_, uf]ljGb e§sf dfS;{jfbL lrGtgx¿, sf7df8f}F M bf]efg k|sfzgsf nflu aflnsf lu/L .

=== === === -@)%(_, …xfdLsxfF xhf/f}F jif{b]lv ;fdGtL ;+:s[ltsf] af]nafnf 5Ú, k|n];, ^M!@, k[= *^–() .

=== === === -@)^!_, …cfhsf n]vsx¿n] ;fdflhs kL8f ef]lu /x]sf 5g\Ú, zAb ;+of]hg, !M!!, k[=!)–!# .

=== === === -@)^@_, …Ps cys ;fwssf] clj/fd ;flxTo ofqfÚ, dfgjtf / d'lStsf slj uf]s'n hf]zL, hgs k|;fb x'dfufO{+, sf7df8f}FM ljj]s l;h{gzLn k|sfzg, k[= (–!^ .

=== === === -@)^^_, …b]jsf]6f bf; dfgl;stfsf] s§/ cfnf]rs x'g'x'GYof]Ú, zAb ;+of]hg, jif{ ^, cª\s &, k"0ff{Í ^^, k[= @)–@# .

=== === === -@)^*_, …hg ;f+:s[lts gLltsf bfz{lgs cfwf/x¿Ú, ;+:s[lt,cª\s *, k[= !–!% .

dfgGw/, ;'nf]rgf -@)^*_, …clglZrt lhGbuLsf] kf7Ú, a'waf/, !^M$^, k[= ^ .

Zofd k|;fb -@)%%_, cfPsf s]xL lr7L, sf7df8f}F M ;'gsf];L ;flxTo k|lti7fg .

;ª\u|f}nf, vu]Gb| -@)^*_, …hf] x7ft\ cnk ePÚ, sflGtk'/ sf];]nL, @)^* sflQ{s %, k[=u .

Sharma, Narayan Prasad, ed. (Ad. 2007), People of Nepal, WHO's WHO, 2007, Kathmandu  ; Biographical Research Centre.