/fi6« lgdf{0fdf efiffsf] e"ldsf
/fi6« lgdf{0fdf efiffsf] e"ldsf eGgfn] ;fdflhs ;Dks{ / ;b\efj,
/fli6«o Pstf, pBf]u Jofkf/sf] clej[l4, lzIff, ;~rf/, ko{6g, ;flxTo, snf cflbsf]
ljsf;, /fhgLlts ljrf/ k|jfx / d'n'ssf] cfw'lgsLs/0f Pjd\ k|ult kylt/sf] ofqfsf
lglDt jftfj/0f lgdf{0f / d"No dfGotfsf] :yfkgfdf eflifs If]qsf] sfd eGg]
a'lemG5 . efiff k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf] dfWod xf] tfklg Toltd} o;sf] e"ldsf l;ldt /xGg . o;n] o'u cg'¿k cfkm"nfO{ ;Ifd t'NofP/ ljleGg
If]qdf dxTTjk"0f{ ;Gb]zsf] k|jfx
ub}{ lgwf{l/t k|sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;St5 .
jf:tjdf dfgj hLjgnfO{ pGgt t'Nofpg ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, z}lIfs /
;f+:s[lts kIfsf] pTyfg cfjZos 5 / To;df efiffn] ljz]if of]ubfg ug{{ ;Sb5 .
b]zsf ljleGg e"efudf a;f]af; u/]sf / cfcfkm\gf k|rng, ljZjf; / l/ltlyltdf
/x]sf hg ;d'bfosf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw, ;Dks{ / Pstfsf cfwf/df g} /fli6«o efjgfsf]
ljsf; Pjd\ ;'b[9 /fi6« lgdf{0f ;Dej 5 . efiffn] hg ;d'bfox¿nfO{ /fd|/L ufF:g]
;fF3'sf] sfd ug{ ;Sb5 / ljrf/sf]
;+jfxssf ¿kdf /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] ;Gb]znfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;St5 .
/fi6« lgdf{0fdf efiffsf] e"ldsfsf pko'{Qm sltko kIfaf/] ;lj:tf/ rrf{ ug'{
pko'Qm x'g] ePsfn] oxfF To;}df k|sfz kfg]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
! ;fdflhs ;Dks{ / ;b\efjsf
lglDt efiff
;dfhsf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf dfG5]x¿lar k/:k/ ;Dks{
u/fpg] ultnf] dfWod efiff g} xf] . kf/:kl/s ;b\efjsf lglDt Pscsf{sf b'Mv;'vsf
efjgf a'emg\ / cfTd;ft\ ug{ cfjZos 5 . ha dfG5]n] Pscsf{sf efjgf / ef]ufOnfO{
cg'e"t u/]/ b'Mv;'vdf ;xefuL x'G5
ta dfq xflb{stf / lgs6tf a9\b5 Ù x[bo vf]n]/ ljrf/sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ jftfj/0f
aGb5 . o; lglDt k/:k/ a'lemg] efiffsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . To:tf] efiffnfO{ ;Dks{
efiff elgG5 . g]kfndf g]kfnL efiffn] clxn] ljleGg efiff eflifsflar ;Dks{sf] sfd
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . t/fO{ / kxf8sf] clg / k"j{ / klZrdsf] ;Dks{ssf] dfWod oxL
ag]sf] 5 . ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/sf jStfx? cyf{t\ d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf¿, cjwL h:tf
efiffsf jStfx¿sf lglDt t'ngfTds ¿kdf of] ;xh x'g' :jfefljs 5 lsgls Pp6} kl/jf/sf] x'gfsf gftfn] Wjlg,
j0f{, ¿k, zAb, zAbfjnL, jfSo / cy{sf s}og\ If]qdf logn] k/:k/ ;dfgtf /fVt5g\ .
ef/f]k]nLsf cltl/Qm g]kfndf lrlgofF ltAatL kl/jf/sf efiffx¿ klg 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf
af]lnG5g\ . /fO{ ;dfhdf k|rlnt afGtjf, rflDnª, y'n'ª, ofDkm",ofVvf,
d]jfxfª, cf7k/], s'n'ª, k'df, vflnª, jfDa'n], aflxª, sf]o", h]?ª, l5Gtfª,
dfjfxfª cflb efiffx¿ nufot cGo ;dfhsf g]jf/, lnDa" , tfdfª, du/, u'?ª,
z]kf{, ;'g'jf/, r]kfª,vfd, kfª, /fhL, Jof;L cflb efiffx¿ lrlgofF ltAatL
kl/jf/sf efiff x'g\ . logsf jQmfx¿lar klg g]kfnL efiffn] g} ;Dks{ efiffsf] sfd
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;/L g} cfUg]nL kl/jf/sf ;tf/÷;Gyfn / vl8of clg b|la8]nL
kl/jf/sf emfFu8÷wfFu8 / ls;fg efiff af]Ng]x¿sf ;fy} a]Un} kl/jf/sf] s';'G8f
efiff af]Ng]x¿n] klg g]kfnLnfO{ ;Dks{ efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . Pp6}
;dfh jf Pp6} /fi6«df /x]sf JolQmx¿sf]] e]nf, d]nf, kj{, pT;j, ;df/f]x,
snsf/vfgf, xf6 ahf/ cflbdf e]63f6 eO g} /xG5 . ltgn] Jofjxfl/s sfdx¿ ;Fu;Fu}
ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt x'G5 . To;}n] pvfg g} k|rlnt 5– lhpFbfsf] hGtL dbf{sf] dnfdL . k/:k/ ;Dks{ ePkl5 ;b\efj a9\g]
ePsfn] g} elgPsf] xf]– cfof] uof]
df]xdfof, cfPg uPg sf]xL g sf]xL
. k/:k/sf] df]xdfof / d]n ldnfkn] g} ;fd"lxs sfo{sf] jftfj/0f aGb5 . /fi6«
lgdf{0fsf lglDt ;fd"lxs ann] 7'nf] cy{ /fVt5 . g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffx¿df
k|rlnt zAbx¿sf] g]kfnL efiffn] clwsflws pkof]u ug{ ;Sg' k5{ / zAbsf]zx¿n]
ltgnfO{ k|ljli6 klg lbg' kb{5 . ;femf efjgfsf] ljsf;df o;n] ljz]if of]ubfg ug{
;St5 . If]qLo / :yfgLo txdf ;Dks{ efiffsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ sltko c¿
efiffx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg xfdLn] b[li6ut ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
;fdflhs ;Dks{ / ;b\efjsf lglDt efiffn] v]Ng]
e"ldsfn] ;xsfo{nfO{ ;xh agfpF5 . o;n] ubf{ :yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o :t/sf
ljsf; sfo{df ;Fu;Fu} ;xefuL x'g] / j}rfl/s cfbfg k|bfgåf/f lrGtgnfO{ kl/is[t
t'Nofpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . /fi6« lgdf{0fsf lglDt oxL dxTTjk"0f{ ;Dan aGb5
.
@
/fli6«o Pstfsf lglDt efiff
/fi6« lgdf{0fdf /fli6«o Pstf ckl/xfo{ 5 . /fli6«o
Pstfsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ efiffsf] ljlzi6 e"ldsf /xG5 . a'lemg] efiffsf
dfWodaf6 ;Dk|]lift ;Gb]z s;}n] klg ;xh ¿kdf u|x0f ub{5 . /fli6«o Pstfsf lglDt
xfd|f] Oltxf;n] klg efiffsf] pkof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] clxn] klg To;sf lglDt
efiffsf] k|of]u eO g} /x]sf] 5 . /fi6«sf] hLjgdf ;ª\s6 cfpFbf efiffsf dfWodaf6
g} /fi6«sf gfddf ;Gb]z hf/L u/L hg ;d'bfonfO{ Pstfa4 ug]{ k|rng 5 . gfnfkfgLsf]
n8fOFsf lglDt uGwj{x¿n] ufpF ufpF k'u]/ hg ;d'bfonfO{ Pslqt u/]sf] rrf{ kfOG5 .
s6'jfnx¿n] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f cflbsf sfdsf lglDt xfs kfg{ k|efjzfnL efiffsf]
k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . Pp6} efiff Pp6}
e]ifsf] To; o'udf ;Gb]zsf] k|jfx g]kfnL efiffdf dfq ul/GYof] / sltko JolQmx¿
;Gb]z a'em\g jl~rt x'Gy] . ca o'u km]l/Psf] 5 / ljleGg efiffsf dfWodaf6 ;Gb]zx¿
lkmhfOFb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;Gb]zsf] ;Dk|]if0f Jofks hg ;d'bfodf cfkm\g} efiffdf
x'g'n] /fli6«o Pstfdf ljz]if cy{ /fVb5 .
eflifs b[li6n] ljljwtfdo g]kfnsf] ljz]iftf a'em]/
;Dos\ efiffgLlt nfu' ug{ ;lsP /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 x'Fb} hfg] 5, o;sf] dxTTj
ga'emL cGoyf ePdf snx / km'6sf] cfuf] ;lNsg klg ;S5 . To;}n] t elgG5– hfGg]nfO{ >Lv08 ghfGg]nfO{ v'kf{sf] laF8
.
g]kfnsf ;a} efiffsf] cj:yf ;dfg 5}g . s'g}sf jQmf
w]/} 5g\ eg] s'g}sf yf]/}, s'g} efiff Jofks If]qdf af]lnG5g\ eg] s'g} ;Lldt
If]qdf, s'g} sYo ¿kd} ;Lldt 5g\ eg] s'g} n]Vo ¿kdf ;DkGg . o; l:yltdf eflifs
;j]{If0f u/L s'g efiffn] s] k|sfo{ k'/f ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f olsg x'g ;Sof] / tbg'¿k
gLlt aGg ;Sof] eg] ;Gb]z cem ;zQm aGg ;S5 . ;a} efiffefifLn] cf–cfkm\gf
efiffsf] ;b'kof]u ePsf] b]Vg rfxG5g\ / cfTd ;Ddfgsf ;fy klxrfg sfod /fVg
rfxG5g\ . Ps efiffn] csf]{ efiff;Fu xft]dfnf] ub]{ cfcfkm\gf cfjZostf
k"lt{ ug]{lt/ nfu] eg] oxfFsf ax' eflifstfaf6 ;a} efiffx¿ k/:k/ nfeflGjt
x'g] 5g\ . ;a} efiffnfO{ /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;+jfxs agfpg]lt/ xfd|f k|oTg hf/L /xg'
kb{5 . Pp6f klg efiff xfd|f] wtL{af6 gx/fcf];\, a? To;n] ljsl;t x'Fb} / /fli6«o
efj wf/fnfO{ cFufNb} cfkm\gf] eflifs ;dfhnfO{ /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgfn] cfnf]lst
ul/ /xf];\ eGg] ;a}sf] ;lbR5f 5 . o;tkm{ jt{dfg /fHo ;+/rgf cGtu{t g} s]xL sfd
x'g ;Sg] 5g\ eg] eljiosf] /fHo ;+/rgfn] cem uDeL/ eP/ Wofg k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ug{
;lsG5 .
# pBf]u
Jofkf/sf] clej[l4sf lglDt efiff
/fi6«nfO{ ;d[4 t'Nofpg pBf]u Jofkf/ km:6fpg' kb{5
. efiff To:tf] ;fwg xf] h;sf dfWodaf6 u|fxs / Jofkf/Lsf ;fy} pBf]uL /
pkef]ustf{x¿dfem ;Dks{ :yflkt x'g hfG5 . /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf efiffsf
dfWodaf6 g} ;Dks{ u/L pBf]u Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt sf/f]af/ ;~rflnt x'G5 . To;}n]
pBf]u jfl0fHosf lglDt pko'Qm efiff To; If]q;Fu ;Da4 JolStx¿n] rog ub{5g\ .
d'n'sdf ljleGg efiffx¿ 5Fbf5Fb} pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx¿n] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ g} g]kfnsf]
pBf]u Jofkf/sf] efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{sf] sf/0f g]kfnL efiffn] cfkm"nfO{
To; If]qsf] vfFrf] k'/f ug]{ / a9LeGbf a9L u|fxssf] kx'Frdf k'Ug] txdf pEofpg'
xf] . l;ª\ufk'/n] cfkm\gf] /fi6«efiff 5Fbf5Fb} pBf]u Jofkf/s} nflu cª\u|]hLnfO{
klg /fli6«o dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6 s] k|:6 x'G5 eg] h'g efiffdf
Jofkf/ rN5 To;}nfO{ Jofkf/sf] efiff t'NofOG5 .
cfhsf] o'udf dfG5]n] cfkm\gf] b}lgs hLjg rnfpg
clwsflws pBf]u Jofkf/sf] e/ kg'{ kb{5 . To;}n] cg]s ljQLo ;+:yf, sn sf/vfgf /
Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx¿sf] hfnf] ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg,
skf]{/];g / lgudx¿n] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg / laqmL ul/g] j:t'sf] k|rf/ k|;f/df
s/f]8f}+ ?lkofF vr{ ug]{ ub{5g\ . To;sf lglDt lj1fkgx¿ tof/ ul/G5g\ . lj1fkgsf]
zlSt efiff;Fu ufFl;Psf] 5 . hlt dL7f] / k|efjsf/L lj1fkg plt ;fdu|Lsf] dfu /
laqmL . o;/L g} u|fxs / ;]jfu|fxLx¿;Fu s:tf] efiffdf s'/fsfgL x'G5 eGg] s'/faf6
klg Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ k|efljt x'G5 . pBf]u Jofkf/sf] efiffsf cfkm\gf ljz]iftf
5g\ . ?vf] Jojxf/ / s7f]/ jrgn] pBf]u Jofkf/df xflg k'Ug hfG5 eg] g/d Jojxf/ /
lzi6 jrgn] kmfObf k'Ug hfG5 . hlt xflb{s ljz]iftfn] efiff o'St x'G5 Tolt g} Jofkfl/s
ultljlw j[l4 x'g] jftfj/0f aG5 . /fi6« lgdf{0fdf pBf]u Jofkf/sf] dxTTjnfO{ Vofn
u/L To;sf] kIf kf]if0fsf lglDt pko'Qm efiffsf] ljsf; ul/g' /fi6«sf lxtdf x'G5 .
$
lzIffsf] pGgogsf nflu efiff
k7g kf7gsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf efiffsf] e"ldsf :ki6
g} 5 . 1fg lj1fgsf ljleGg If]qdf lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] u/L cfkm\gf] efiffsf]
ljsf; x'g g;s] csf]{ efiffsf] cf>o lng' kg]{ x'G5 . cª\u|]hL, lrlgofF,
hfkfgL, hd{g]nL, :k]lg; cflb efiffx¿n] cfkm\g} efiffdf k|fylds txb]lv pRr
tx;Ddsf] lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/ ;s]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ lj1fg /
k|ljlwsf If]qsf] lzIff klg cfkm\g} efiffdf lbG5g\ . o;n] ubf{ /fi6«sf]
lgdf{0fsf nflu 1fg lj1fgnfO{ u|x0f ug{ / c¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ klg ;lhnf] ePsf]
5 . g]kfndf clxn] klg pRr lzIffsf w]/}h;f] ljifo cª\u|]hLdf g} k7g kf7g ul/G5g\
eg] ljBfno txsf] lzIff klg cª\u|]hLd'vL g} 5 . g]kfnL efiffsf dfWodaf6 ul/g]
cWofkg t cem;Dd pk]Iffsf] cj:yfdf 5 eg] c¿ efiffsf] xfnt s] xf]nf < ;xh ¿kdf
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfkm\gf] efiffdf h;/L s'/f a'em\g a'emfpg / :ki6 cleJolSt
lbg ;lsG5 c¿sf efiffdf cjZod]j ;f] ;Dej x'Fb}g . g]kfnLsf cltl/St d}lynL, g]jf/
h:tf efiffdf :gftsf]Q/ / cg';Gwfg txsf] lzIff k|bfg ul/P klg w]/} efiffdf cem}
:gfts tx;Ddsf] klg k7g kf7g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|fylds txdf dft[efiffdf lzIff
kfpg' afn aflnsfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] tfklg s}og\ efiffdf dft[efiffdf lzIff
k|f/De x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . dft[efiffdf k7g kf7g ;'? ePsf ljBfnodf klg ck]lIft
k|ult x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fi6«sf lglDt pko'Qm hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ cfkm\gf] efiffdf
k|bfg ul/g] lzIffn] ljz]if dxTTj /fVb5 . To;lglDt kf7\o k':ts / cGo z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf] klg plQs} vfFrf] kb{5 . ctM h;/L lzIffsf] pGgogsf ;fy} ck]lIft
kl/0ffd k|flKtsf lglDt efiffsf] e"ldsf ;j{yf :jLsfo{ 5 To;/L g} /fi6«
lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/e"t kIfsf ¿kdf lzIffnfO{ lnOg' klg clgjfo{ 5 .
% ;~rf/sf]
k|j4{gsf lglDt efiff
/fi6« lgdf{0fsf] sfo{;Fu ;~rf/sf] k|j4{g k|ToIf ¿kdf
;DalGwt 5 . cfhsf] o'u sDKo'6/, 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn, cfsfz jf0fL h:tf ljB'tLo
;~rf/ dfWodsf] o'u ePsf] 5 . kq klqsfx¿ klg ljB'tLo dfWod;Fu ufFl;Psf 5g\ .
Od]n, P;=Pd=P;, Rof6 cflbsf dfWodaf6 l5ge/d} ;+;f/sf] h'g;'s} s'gfdf /x]sf]
JolQm;Fu klg ;Dks{ / s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt cfhsf] ljZjdf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
clxn] O–nfOa|]/Lsf dfWodn] 1fgsf] x/]s If]q;Fu cfkm\g} rf]6fsf]7faf6 kx'Fr
k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . 5f]6f] ;do / sd vr{df ;Gb]zsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{ / 1fgfh{g ug{
ljlzi6 efiffsf] k|of]u ul/Fb} 5 . ;+;f/sf ;a} efiffn] ;~rf/ If]qsf] cnu k|o'lSt
ljsf; ug'{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . ;~rf/ If]qsf pknlAwsf] pkof]u /fi6« lgdf{0fsf
lglDt cTofjZos 5 . xft xftdf df]afOn /flvg] o; hdfgfdf ;~rf/sf] efiffsf] pkof]u
ug{ ghfgL gx'g] ePsf] 5 . To; If]qdf b]vf k/]sf k|fljlws kfl/eflifs zAbsf]
1fgb]lv ;lªIfKt cleJolStsf lglDt efiffsf] ljsf; cToGt h?/L eO ;s]sf] 5 .
^
ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf lglDt efiff
elgG5– g]kfn eflifs ;ª\u|xfno xf] . o;}nfO{ csf]{
lsl;dn] eflifs km'naf/Lsf] klg ;+1f lbOPsf] kfOG5 . oxfFsf 8fF8fsfF8f,
vf]nfgfnf, eL/kfvf, jg pkjg, kfvf, kmfF6 cflbn] ko{6sx¿nfO{ nf]EofP em}+ oxfFsf
efiffx¿n] klg eflifs cWo]tfx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;St5g\ . kfFr efiff kl/jf/sf !))
eGbf a9L efiff o; ;fgf] d'n'sdf ljBdfg x'g' rfgr'g] s'/f xf]Og . To;}n] eflifs
ko{6gsf b[li6n] klg g]kfnsf] dxTTj /x]sf] 5 .
cWo]tfx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ ljleGg efiffx¿ t oxfF 5Fb}
5g\ , ko{6sx?sf] dg nf]Eofpg] 9ª\usf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; klg xfd|f efiffx¿df cfjZos
5 . g]kfndf af]lng] sltko efiffx¿ ;+;f/sf cGo d'n'sx¿df klg af]lnG5g\ .
g]kfnLs} jStfx¿ ef/tsf ;fy} ;+;f/sf cGo d'n'sx¿df a;f]af; u5{g\ . d}lynL,
n]Krf, lnDa", tfdfª cflbsf jStfx¿ klg cGoq /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf af]lng]
efiffx¿sf] pkof]u s;/L ubf{ oxfF 3'Dg cfpg]x¿n] Gofgf] cg'e"lt u5{g\ eGg]
;f]r]/ klg efiffsf] ljsf; ul/g' cfjZos 5 h;af6 b]z ljsf;df ljz]if 6]jf k'Ug] 5
.
&
;flxTo snfsf] pTyfgsf] lglDt efiff
;flxTo snfsf] ljsf; dfgj ;Eotfsf] kl/rfos xf] .
oftfoft, lzIffno, c:ktfn, vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO cflb ef}lts ljsf;;Fu} dfG5]sf]
dfgl;s ljsf; klg /fi6«sf nflu plQs} cfjZos 5 . s'g} /fi6«sf] pGgltsf] dfkg snf
;flxTosf] d"Nofª\sgljgf c;Dej 5 .;flxTo snfsf] lgdf{0f efiffs} cf8df x'G5
. j]b, /fdfo0f, dxfef/t Olno8, cf]l8;L zfxgfdf cflbsf] dxQfdf sfJo efiffsf] 7'nf]
b]g 5 . ;flxTosf sljtf, uLt, syf, lgaGw, gf6s, pkGof;, ;dfnf]rgf xf]pg\ cyjf
nf]s ;flxTosf gfgf ljwf pkljwfx¿ xf]pg\ efiffs} cfj/0f kfP/ hg dfg;sf]
cle?lrsf] kl/isf/ ug{ ;dy{ x'G5g\ . efiffsf e/df g} ;fs]jf gfrsf :j/x¿
k"jL{ g]kfnaf6 / 8]p8fsf :j/x¿ klZrd g]kfnaf6 sf7df8f}+sf] 6'Fl8v]ndf
u'lGhg cfO k'u]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o efjgfsf] pb\af]wgsf lglDt ;flxTo snfnfO{
/fi6«sf ljleGg efudf k'¥ofpg cfjZos 5 / efiffsf dfWodaf6 g} tL hg ;d'bfosf dfem
k'Ub5g\ . efiffn] ltgnfO{ lsl;d lsl;dsf] z}nL k|bfg ub{5 . j0f{g, ;+jfb,
;Daf]wg, pb\uf/, ts{, ljj]rgf, ljZn]if0f, no cflbn] efiffs} e/df d"Q{tf
k|fKt ub{5g\ . s}og\ nf]s ufos / nf]s ;flxTosf k|:tf]tfx¿clg ;flxTosf ;h{sx¿ /
snfsdL{x¿n] dg 5'g] efiffsf dfWodaf6 xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;, /d0fLo k|s[lt /
eJo ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] avfg ub}{ xfdLleq
/fli6«otfsf] efjgf e/]sf 5g\ . ;flxTo snfsf l;h{gf / k|:t'lt b'a} :jod\
/fi6« lgdf{0fsf cleGg cª\u x'g\ eg] ltgsf dfWodaf6 hg ;d'bfon] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf
lglDt k|fKt ug]{ k|]/0ff / pT;fxsf] klg a]Un} pkfb]otf 5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] x]Ssf
/fVg' kb{5 .
*
/fhg}lts ljrf/ k|jfxsf nflu efiff
/fi6« lgdf{0fdf /fhgLltsf] e"ldsf ;jf]{kl/ 5
eGg' ;fob cTo'lQm x'g] 5}g . nf]stGq, hgtGq, u0ftGq, ;dfhjfb, ;fDojfb, ;dfgtf,
:jtGqtf, qmflGt, cfGbf]ng, ;ª\3if{, zflGt cflbsf lglDt /fhgLlts If]qaf6 tfls{s
/ ;zSt ljrf/ k|jflxt ePkl5 g} /fli6«o /fhgLltn] ;fy{stf k|fKt ub{5 . ljrf/
k|jfxsf lglDt pko'St efiffsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . g]tfx¿sf cleJolQmnfO{
cf]hk"0f{ agfpg] sfd efiffn] g} ub{5 . hgg]tf dbg e08f/Lsf] efif0f ;'Gg
dfG5]x¿ ufpF ufpFaf6 cf]Ol/Psf] / pgsf] s'/f ;'g]/ gcufO{ 3/ kms]{sf] cg'ejaf/]
xfdLn] w]/} ;'g]sf 5f}+ . efif0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf efiffsf] 7'nf] xft /xG5 .
To;}n] t elgG5– oxL d'vn] ufnL kfOG5,
oxL d'vn] tfnL kfOG5 . ;dfhnfO{
;xL /fhgLlts ljrf/ wf/fdf ;xdt u/fpg efiffs} ;xf/f lng' kb{5 . s'/fsfgL ubf{
xf];\ jf n]vgåf/f ljrf/ clu ;fbf{ xf];\, eflifs bl/b|tf xflgsf/s x'G5 . ;xL
ljrf/ / ;'Gb/ efiffsf] of]uaf6 g} g]t[Tjn] ljzfn hg ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf s'/fdf
;xdt t'Nofpg ;St5 . /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cleofg ;fsf/ kfg{ g]t[Tjk|ltsf] ljZjf;
clgjfo{ cfjZostf xf] . g]t[Tjk|ltsf] ljZjf;n] g} dfG5]x¿ sfndf sfn kmfndf kmfn
ub}{ p;sf kl5 nfUg tof/ x'G5g\ / /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cleofgn] ult k|fKt ub{5 .
(
d'n'ssf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu efiff
;+;f/ hxfF 5, d'n'snfO{ ToxfF k'¥ofpg efiffsf] dxTTjnfO{
leq}b]lv x[boª\ud ug'{ cfjZos 5 . jt{dfg ljZjdf lbgfg'lbg 1fgsf] lj:kmf]6 eO /x]sf]
5 / gofF gofF cg';Gwfg eO /x]sf 5g\ . lj1fg, k|ljlw, e"uf]n, Oltxf;,
dgf]lj1fg, cy{zf:q, ;+:s[lt, e"uf]n Oltxf;, cy{zf:q, ;+:s[lt, bz{g cflb
cg]sfg]s If]qdf gjLg pknlAwx¿ k|fKt eO /x]sf 5g\ . tL ;a}nfO{ JoQm ug{ ;Sg] u/L
efiffsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f x'g h?/L 5 . s'g} efiffn] cfhsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] o'udf
cfkm"nfO{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg ;s]g eg] c¿lt/ cf;] b[li6 nufpg' afx]s c¿ pkfo
afFsL /xFb}g . xfd|f] b]zdf clxn] g]kfnL efiff ;a}eGbf ljsl;t elgG5 t/ cª\u|]hL
/ cGo ljleGg efiffaf6 s}og\ k|fljlws kfl/eflifs zAbx¿ lnP/ u'hf/f rnfpg of]
ljjz 5 .o;df cfkm}+n] df}lns zAbx¿sf] ljsf; u/]/ cfkm\gf jQmfx¿sf] cfjZostf
k"lt{ ug{ ;s] o;sf] :t/f]Ggltsf ;fy} hg cfsfª\Iffn] t'li6 kfpg ;SYof] t/
To;f] x'g ;ls /x]sf] 5}g . a? pN6} jfSo g} lkR5] c¿sf zAb 3';fP/ lvr8L efiff
af]Ng] k|j[lQ al9 /x]sf] 5 . af]Ng] dfq xf]Og To;d} uj{sf] cg'e"lt ug]{
k|j[lQ klg x'ls{ /x]sf] 5 . Snf;d]6n]
dnfO{ l8:6a{ u/]/ 7'nf] 6]G;g u/fPsf] 5, d Snf; l8:slG6Go' ug]{ d'8df 5' .Ú
h:tf jfSo cfhsfn :jfefljs aGg yfn]sf 5g\ . lzlIft elgg]x¿df Snf;d]6sf lglDt ;xkf7L, l8:6a{sf lglDt afwf, 6]G;gsf lglDt tgfa, Snf; lglDt sIff, l8:slG6Go'sf lglDt 5f8\g' d'8sf lglDt ;f]r
h:tf k|of]unfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . kfl/eflifs k|fljlws zAbx¿sf
lglDt t xfdLn] 6fpsf] b'vfpg] cfjZostf g} dx;'; u/]sf 5}gf}+ . a;:6ksf lglDt a; la;f}gL, ck/];gsf
lglDt lr/kmf/, efO;rfG;n/sf lglDt pks'nklt,
o'l/ofsf lglDt lrgLdn, jfrsf lglDt 38L h:tf zAb v} t clxn] lelqPsf ljleGg
cfuGt's zAbx¿sf 7fpFdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf < hg hLjgnfO{ ;lhnf] kfg]{ lsl;dn]
efiffsf] ljsf; ug'{sf] ;f6f] pN6} cfkm\gf ePsf zAb k|of]u gu/L c¿sf] bf;tf
a]xf]]g{ xfd|f] lzlIft -<_ dfgl;stf nfnflot b]lvG5 . eflifs ljsf;sf b[li6n]
o;nfO{ IfoLs/0f jf eflifs d[To'sf nIf0fx¿dWo] Ps dfGg ;lsG5 . o;f] eGg'sf] cy{
cfuGt's zAbx¿nfO{ k6Ss} leq\ofpg' x'Fb}g eg]sf] xf]Og, lsgls ljz'4 efiffsf]
jsfnt ug'{ cfhsf] o'udf d"v{tf x'g hfG5 . a? oxfF s] eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] eg]
cfkm\gf] efiffdf ePsf / g]kfnleq af]lng] efiffx¿df ePsf zAbx¿af6 cfuGt's zAbsf]
sfd rN5 eg] ltgnfO{ cFufnf}+, ;xh u|fx\o zAb rnfcf}+, s]xL pkfo gnfu] dfq c¿sf
zAb leq\ofcf}+ .
efiffsf] zAb e08f/nfO{ ;DkGg t'Nofpg'sf ;fy}
k|of]u If]qdf Jofkstf Nofpg], ljleGg z}nLut e]bx¿n] efiffnfO{ o'Qm t'Nofpg] clg
dfgsLs/0fsf sfo{x¿ k'/f ug{] / cfw'lgs ;dfhsf hl6ntf / ljljwtfnfO{ cleJolQm lbg
;dy{g agfpg] sfo{ u/L efiffsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf lbzfdf cufl8 a9\g ;lsG5 .
kl/jlt{t ;dfhsf] cfjZostf / cfw'lgstfsf] dd{ cg'¿k efiffn] sfo{ ug{ ;Sof] eg]]
cleJolQm s'l07t x'g] cj:yf /xFb}g / ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] jfxssf ¿kdf o;n] ug]{
k|sfo{ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf 7f]; of]ubfg aGg k'Ub5 .
$=
lgisif{
.
efiff ;~rf/sf] dfWod t x'Fb} xf], o;;Fu ;fdflhs,
/fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs / lj1fg k|ljlw;Fu ufFl;Psf s}og\ d"No dfGotf,
ljrf/ / k|sfo{ klg ufFl;Psf x'G5g\ . To;}n] /fi6« lgdf{0fdf efiffsf] pNn]vgLo
e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . cfw'lgs ;dfh / To;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] /fi6«f]Ggltsf]
cfwf/nfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg ljleGg 9ª\un] efiffsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ;dfhsf cg]s
hfthflt, wd{, j0f{, lnË, If]q, ;Dk|bfo, ;+:s[lt, efiff cflbdf ljeSt hg ;d'bfonfO{
k/:k/ ;b\efj, ;xL ljrf/ wf/f / /fli6«o Pstfsf ;"qn] ;Da4 t'Nofpg efiffn]
ljlzi6 of]ubfg ug{ ;St5 . /fi6«sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / To;nfO{ rflxg] cleJolStut
ljljwtf b'a}} b[li6n] lgofNbf /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/ efiff
xf] eGg] lgisif{df :jtM k'luG5 .
;Gbe{ s[lt ;"rL
clwsf/L, x]dfË/fh -@)^@_, ;fdflhs / k|fof]lus efiff lj1fg,
t]=;+=, sf8df8f}F, /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
clgjfo{ g]kfnL ljifo ;ldlt, lq=lj= k|f=lj= s]
-@)^^_, clgjfo{ g]kfnL lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg
.
cfrfo{, j|t/fh -@)$*_, xfd|f] efiff, lå=;+=, sf7df8f}F M j|t/fh cfrfo{ .
lu/L, hLj]Gb| b]j -@)^#_, efiff lj1fg, efiff / eflifsf, ============== sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S;
l8l:6«Ao'6;{ k|f= ln= .
===================== -@)^&_, …eflifs ;d:of /
;dfwfgsf pkfoÚ,gjo'u, @)M!!–!@, k[=
%*–^) .
uf}td, b]jLk|;fb -@)$(_, g]kfnL efiff kl/ro, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
=================== / k|]dk|;fb rf}nfufO{+
-@)^&_, efiff lj1fg, sfdf8f}+ M
kf7\o ;fdu|L k;n .
7fs'/, uf]kfn -@)^&_, …b]jsf]6fsf] efiff /
eflifs lrGtgÚ, j}rfl/s cfnf]sdf dxfslj
b]jsf]6f, ;Dkf= b]jL g]kfn, sf7df8f}F M k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3 .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ -@)%$_, hflt, efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL
xfd|f] gLlt, sf7df8f}+ M s]Gb|Lo sfof{no .
g]kfn …ofqLÚ, k"0f{k|sfz -@)#(_, …xfn;Dd
k|fKt ePsfdWo] ;j{k|frLg g]kfnL clen]vÚ, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f
k|lti7fg, k[= (^–!)) .
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f -@)$^_, /fi6«efiff, kfF=;+= sf7df8f}+ ;femf k|sfzg
=============== -@)%)_, kfFr ;o jif{, t]=;+=, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f / cGo, ;Dkf= -@)$)_, g]kfnL
a[xt\ zAbsf]z, sf7df8f} M
g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
k|l>t, df]bgfy -@)^@_, ljrf/ / cGt;{DaGw, sf7df8f}+ M au/ kmfpG8]g, g]kfn .
aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)^#_, g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ, sf7df8f}F, ;femf k|sfzg .
================ -@)%#_, efiff lj1fg, ;f=;+=, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
a/fn, s[i0fxl/ / g]q P6d -@)^$_, clgjfo{ g]kfnL, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{
k':ts e08f/ .
zdf{, df]xg/fh -@)%#_, zAb /rgf / j0f{ ljGof;, sf7df8f}F M gjLg k|sfzg .
zdf{, df]xg /fh / s[i0fxl/ a/fn -@)%@_, efiff lj1fg / g]kfnL efiff, lå= ;+=, sf7df8f}F M gjLg k|sfzg .
Kuo, eddie c.y. (?) Language Policy and Nation
Building in a ,ulti ettnic society : The case Singapore Model, http.
www.google.com
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