सम्झनामा चीन भ्रमण

g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df b]lvPsf ;d:of / ltgsf] ;dfwfg

-g]=k|=k|=åf/f @)^& k'; @^, @& / @* ut] cfof]lht g]kfnL efiff ;ª\uf]i7Ldf k|:t't uf]i7Lkq_

– 8f= hLj]Gb| b]j lu/L

!= ljifo kl/ro

…j0f{ ljGof;Ú eGgfn] …j0f{sf] Jojl:yt /vfOÚ eGg] a'lemG5 / o;nfO{ lxHh], jt{gL / lvKtL klg elgG5
-kf]v/]n / cGo, @)$) M !@))_ . kf]v/]n -@)%& M @_ n] s'g} efiffsf zAb jf jfSodf j0f{x¿ cleJoQm ug]{ tl/sfsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ lnPsf 5g\ . oL egfOaf6 g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; eg]sf] g]kfnL zAb / jfSodf j0f{x¿sf] Jojl:yt /vfO jf j0f{x¿ cleJoQm ug]{ tl/sf xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .

g]kfnL efiff Ps g};lu{s efiff xf] / o;sf] n]Vo k/Dk/fn] Pp6f nfd} cjlw kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] pTklQ df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf O= !))) kl5 c¿ cfw'lgs cfo{ efiffx¿;Fu} ePsf] dflgG5 -aGw', @)#^ M%!_ . o;sf] klxnf] clen]vsf ¿kdf s;}n] /fhf bfd'kfnsf] zfs] ()# -lj=;+= !)#*_ sf] b'Nn' lznfn]vnfO{ lnPsf] kfOG5 -ofqL, @)#( M (^_ eg] s;}n] czf]s rNnsf] lj=;+= !#!@ sf] x'Dnfdf k|fKt tfd|kqnfO{ lnPsf 5g\ -uf}td, @)$( M $&_. oL clen]vn] g]kfnL efiffsf] k|rng / n]vgsf] bL3{ k/Dk/fnfO{ hgfpF5g\ .

ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/sf] Ps ;b:osf ¿kdf ;+:s[t, k|fs[t / cke|+z efiff x'Fb} jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfO k'u]sf] o; efiffdf ljleGg tT;d, tb\ej / cfuGt's zAb k|rlnt 5g\ . ltgaf6 lgld{t cg]s jfSox¿ lzIff, ;~rf/, k|zf;g, lj1fg, k|ljlw / 1fg lj1fgsf ljleGg If]qdf o;sf k|of]ustf{x¿af6 k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . b]j gfu/L lnlkdf n]lvFb} cfPsf] o; efiffsf] j0f{ ljGof;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ljutdf cg]s k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . ltgaf6 o;sf] n]vg k4ltsf] :t/Ls/0f / Ps¿ktfdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg klg k'u]sf] 5 t/ Pp6f hLljt efiffsf lglDt ljutsf k|of;x¿ dfq kof{Kt eO /xg' c;Dej 5 . efiffdf b]vf kg]{ gj k|j[lQ, k|of]ustf{sf] dgf]j[lQdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, cfkm\gf] efiffsf] df}lnstfsf] ;+/If0f, efiffsf] :t/Ls/0f, ;/nLs/0f / Jofjxfl/s k|of]u, sYo / n]Vo efiffsf] tfnd]n cflb ljljw sf/0fn] j0f{ ljGof;df ;'wf/ eO /xg' :jfefljs 5 . o;}sf] kmn:j¿k g]kfnL efiffsf] j0f{ ljGof;df b]lvPsf s]xL ;d:of / ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf lglDt kl5Nnf] ;dodf ePsf sfdaf/] s]xL k|Zg p7]sf 5g\ . tL k|Zg g} g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf jt{dfg ;d:of x'g ;St5g\ . ltgsf] klxrfg u/L pQ/ vf]Hg] r]i6f o; uf]i7Lkqdf ul/Psf] 5 .

@= ljutdf ePsf sfdsf] ;ª\lIfKt rrf{

lj=;+= @)^) sf] bzssf] k|f/Deb]lv g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf] ;'wf/df k|oTgx¿ k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . jL/]Gb| s]z/L cof{nn] …aÚ / …jÚ sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lglDt lj=;+= !(^# lt/ To;tkm{ klxnf] k|oTg u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 …dfwjLÚ -!(^%_ sf dfWodaf6 /fddl0f cf=bL=n] rnfPsf] xnGt alxisf/sf] cfGbf]ngn] csf]{ xnrn NofPsf] lyof] . Pstfs slj lz/f]dl0f  n]vgfy kf}8\ofn;Dd klg o; cfGbf]ngaf6 k|efljt x'g k'u]sf lyP . ljZjdl0f bLlIftfrfo{
-O!(!#_ n] klg o; cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf lyP . x]d/fh kl08t -!(^(_ n] xnGt alxisf/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ dTy/ kfg]{ sfd u/] . pgn] lqmofkbdf pRrf/0f cg';f/ xnGt / cGo zAbdf chGt k|of]usf] af6f] cFufn] . ;f]dgfy l;UBfn -!(&^_ / kf/;dl0f k|wfg -O !(!(_ n] x]d/fhnfO{ g} k5\ofP . afns[i0f ;d / k'is/ zdz]/n] klg o;}nfO{ cFufNg k'u] / g]kfnL efiff k|sflzgL ;ldltaf6 …g]kfnL s;/L z'4 n]Vg] <Ú -!((!_ sf] k|sfzg ;f]xL cfwf/df eof] . lj=;+= !((@ b]lv z}lIfs If]qdf k/LIffsf] cfwf/ klg ToxL aGof] . o; k/Dk/fdf g]kfnL Jofs/0f / zAbsf]zsf ljleGg k':tsx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ .

;/ /fNkm lnn] 6g{/sf] …P sDKof/]l6e PG8 Ol6df]nf]lhsn l8S;g/L ckm g]kfnL Nofª\Uj]hÚ -O !(#!_ n] g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df pRrf/0f cg';f/ n]vg k/Dk/fsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd u¥of] . logsf] j0f{ ljGof; g]kfnL j0f{ lj1fgdf cfwfl/t x'g' Ps dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ lyof] .

lj=;+= @)!@ df ;ª\v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] r}gk'/df ul7t hg ;f+:s[lts ;efsf] k|sfzg …gf}nf] kfOnf]Ú
-@)!#_ åf/f agf;/df cWoog/t afns[i0f kf]v/]n, aNnedl0f bfxfn, tf/fgfy zdf{, sf]z/fh /]UdL / r"8fdl0f /]UdL ;lxtn] k|f/De u/]sf] em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ngn] hglha|f]sf] efiffnfO{ dxŒj lbof] / j0f{ ljGof;sf If]qsf klg ljz]if of]ubfg u¥of] .

/fd/fh kGt  -@)!^_ n] g]kfnL n]vgsf lgodx¿nfO{ ;lhnf] t'Nofpg cfkm\gf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't u/] . Zofd k|;fbn] …;flxToÚ -@)!&_ åf/f …cfkm\gf] efiff cfkm\g} lgodÚ zLif{sdf g]kfnL efiffdf h'g;'s} efiffaf6 cfPsf zAbnfO{ klg g]kfnL efiffsf] Jofs/0f cg';f/ n]Vg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf clu ;f/] . tf/fgfy zdf{, afns[i0f kf]v/]n / gu]Gb| zdf{n] …km"nkftLÚ -@)@!_ åf/f …lnlk ;'wf/Ú cleofg rnfP . g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; g]kfnL efiffsf] cg'¿k / lghL ljz]iftfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ eGg] o; cleofgsf] cfkm\g} k|sf/sf] k|efj /x]sf] 5 . dxfgGb ;fksf]6fsf] …Wjlgsf] wGbfÚ -@)@)_ tyf lzj/fh cfrfo{sf] …lhDbf] g]kfln ef;fÚ -@)#)_ klg g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf b[li6n] pNn]Vo s[lt x'g\ .

g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;nfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg ;femf k|sfzgn] klg k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @)@( df g]kfnLsf n]vsx¿n] uf]i7L u/]/ n]Vo g]kfnLdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg To;n] u/]sf] sfd :d/0f of]Uo 5 .

lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno cGtu{t lj=;+= @)#$ df clgjfo{ g]kfnL ljifosf lzIfsx¿sf /fli6«o tyf If]qLo sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿ ;DkGg eO{ g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;nfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf lg0f{ox¿ lnOof] . To; cfwf/df lqe'jg ljZj ljZBfno kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|åf/f …clgjfo{ g]kfnL lzIf0f lgb]{zgÚ -@)#^_ k|sflzt eof] . o;sf cfwf/df g]kfnL efiffdf ljleGg ljåfg\x¿sf Jofs/0f n]lvP . df]xg /fh zdf{sf] …zAb /rgf / j0f{ ljGof;Ú tyf s[i0f k|;fb k/fh'nLsf] …/fd|f] /rgf dL7f] g]kfnLÚ -@)#^_ o; k/Dk/fsf dxŒjk"0f{ s[ltsf ¿kdf k|sflzt eP . To;otf o; k/Dk/fdf cg]s dxŒjk"0f{ Jofs/0fx¿ n]lvPsf 5g\ / ltgdf ;'wfl/Psf] j0f{ ljGof; k|o'Qm 5 . g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] …g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]zÚ -@)$)_ n] klg To;nfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnL j0f{  ljGof;sf] ;'wf/df …x|:j n]vg cleofgÚ -@)#%_ sf] cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] of]ubfg 5 . …¿k/]vfÚ, …lem;ld;]Ú, …;ª\sNkÚ, …cg'e"ltÚ, …gf}nf] ;flxToÚ, …5x/fÚ cflbn] o; cleofgnfO{ clu a9fPsf lyP .

d's'Gb z/0f pkfWofosf] …g]kfnL efiff / Jofs/0f M k|:tfjgf / ljj]rgfÚ -@)$#_ pko'{Qm k/Dk/feGbf leGg ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . O{Zj/ a/fnsf sltko k|of]unfO{ ;d]t cFufNb} pgn] g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; ;DaGwL cfkm\gf ;"qx¿ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

r"8fdl0f /]UdL …g]kfnL efiff / Jofs/0fsf s]xL ljifo M s]xL 5nkmnÚ -@)%@_ g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf] lnlk ;'wf/sf] ;d]t lrGtg cFufn]sf] s[lt xf] . o;df pgn] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff …g`f j/\0f ljGof;Ú zLif{sdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

tf/fgfy zdf{n] …;lhnf] g]kfnLÚ -@)%@_ df g]kfnL lxHh] ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . lxHh] ;'wf/ Jofs/0feGbf leGg} s'/f xf] eGb} ;+:s[t Jofs/0f cg';f/ g]kfnL n]Vbf g} lxHh]sf] ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] ljrf/ pgn] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL efiffsf] n]vfO ;lhnf], 5l/tf] / rlvnf] kfg'{ k5{ / To;f] ug{ lxHh]df ;'wf/ x'g'k5{ eGg] pgsf] egfO 5 .

lzIff dGqfno kf7\oqmd ljsf;sf] …k|sfzg ;Dkfbg z}nLÚ -@)%^_ / To;s} bf];|f] ;+:s/0f -@)^#_ n] g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf] ckjfb Go"gLs/0f / ;/nLs/0fsf lbzfdf gofF kfOnf rfNof] . lj=;+= @)%& df g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgåf/f cfof]lht …g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; ljifos clwuf]i7LÚ sf] k|ltj]bg k|sflzt 5 . To;df dfwj k|;fb kf]v/]n / d's'Gb z/0f pkfWofosf …tT;d, tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbx¿sf] j0f{ ljGof;Ú zLif{ssf b'O{ 5'§f5'§} sfo{kqx¿ uf]i7Lsf] lgisif{ ;lxt k|sflzt 5g\ . o;/L g} g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, afn ;flxTo k|jw{g s]Gb| -afn ;+;f/, lxdfn P;f]l;o;g_ tyf ?d 6' l/8;Fu ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] …n]Vo g]kfnLsf] Ps¿kLs/0fÚ uf]i7L tyf sfo{zfnf
-@)^@ j}zfv !(, @) / @!_ df Jofks ¿kdf g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;af/] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;f] uf]i7Ldf leS6/ k|wfg / /d]z s'df/ e§/fO{åf/f cjwf/0ff kq k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] / To;d} 5nkmn s]lGb|t ePsf] lyof] . oL b'j} uf]i7Lsf lgisif{x¿n] g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;nfO{ gjLg dfu{ bz{g u/]sf lyP .

lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| cGtu{t clgjfo{ g]kfnL ljifo ;ldltn] kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{gsf ;Gbe{df k|:tfljt j0f{ ljGof;af/] b]zsf ljleGg efudf If]qLo sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿ ;~rfng u/L k|fKt ;'emfasf cfwf/df …clgjfo{ g]kfnL lzIf0f lgb]{lzsfÚ -@)^^_ k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . To;df g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df /x]sf sltko ckjfb / hl6ntf x6fpg] sfd ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df ;'wf/s} b[li6n] ;femf k|sfzgn] lj=;+= @)^^ df g]kfnL efiffsf ljz]if1x¿sf] Ps uf]i7L cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] uf]i7Ldf z}nL k'l:tsf lgdf{0f pk;ldltåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] j0f{ ljGof; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff kqdf 5nkmn u/fO{ To;nfO{ …g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;Ú zLif{sdf …ul/dfÚdf k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] .

lzIff dGqfno kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] @)^^ c;f]h @( ut]sf lbg g]kfnL efiffsf lzIfsx¿, ;~rf/ u[x;Fu ;DalGwt lj1x¿ / k|fl1s JolQmx¿lar Ps cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;af/] 5nkmn u/fPsf] lyof] . To;af6 k|fKt ;'emfasf cfwf/df …g]kfnL afn zAbsf]zÚ -@)^^_ k|sflzt 5 .

lj=;+= @)^^ r}q @( df g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, em/f]{jfbL jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ r"8fdl0f /]UdL clegGbg u|Gy k|sfzg ;ldlt / d]rL ax'd'vL SofDk;, g]kfnL ljefuåf/f cfof]lht g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; ;DaGwL uf]i7Lkl5 …rGb|u9L 3f]if0ff kq @)^^Ú ;fj{hlgs ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf ;d:ofaf/] efiffljb\x¿lar 5nkmn eO{ ;j{ ;Ddt ¿kdf hf/L ePsf] ;f] 3f]if0ff kqn] j0f{ ljGof;sf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug]{ b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .

g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df ;'wf/sf] clGtd z[ª\vnfsf ¿kdf lzIff dGqfno pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\ cGtu{t sIff !!÷!@ sf] kf7\o k':ts …;a}sf] g]kfnLÚ -@)^^_ df k|o'Qm j0f{ ljGof; /x]sf] 5 . o;n] pko'{Qm ljleGg r/0fsf ;'wf/x¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 / n]vgsf] Ps¿ktf Pjd\ ;/nLs/0fsf ;fy} ckjfbsf] Go"gLs/0fsf] dfu{nfO{ lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . 5l/Psf] cj:yfdf /x]sf ;do ;dosf ;'wf/x¿ Psd'i6 ¿kdf o; k':tsdf Pslqt 5g\ .

g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf If]qdf ePsf pko'{Qm sfdx¿n] n]vgdf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ePsf] 5 / ltgaf6 g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lnstf;Fu n]vgnfO{ ufF:g] sfo{df 7f]; pknlAw ePsf] 5 . o;af6 sYo / n]Vo g]kfnLsf] lgs6tf a9\gfsf ;fy} g]kfnL efiffsf] n]vg pQ/f]Q/ :t/Ls[t klg x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg k|:tfljt sltko dfGotf cem} ;j{ :jLsfo{ eO ;s]sf 5}gg\ / ltgsf af/]df 5nkmn hf/L 5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] tLj| ultsf] ljsf;n] o; efiffnfO{ g]kfnsf dfq geO{ ;+;f/sf ljleGg efusf cg]s hfthfltdfem k'¥ofPsf] 5 . g]kfnL dft[efifLsf lglDt dfq geO{ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ u|x0f ug]{x¿sf nflu klg ;xh n]vgsf] dfu ;don] ul/ /xg] 5 / eljiodf klg ;'wf/sf k|oTgx¿ eO /xg] 5g\ .

#= ;d:of

ljutsf pko'{Qm sfdx¿n] g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df s]xL gofF kl/jt{g NofPsf 5g\ . tL kl/jt{gn] cfjZos dfqfdf JoflKt kfO ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;n] ubf{ sltko kl/jt{gaf/] k|Zgx¿ p7]sf 5g\ . ltg} k|Zgx¿ g} g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df b]lvPsf ;d:of x'g\ . ltgsf] klxrfg lgDg cg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 M

#=! tT;d zAb ;DaGwL ;d:of

tT;d zAb ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ Tolt w]/} 5}gg\ lsgls ;+:s[tsf lgod cg';f/ g} ltgnfO{ n]Vg] ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL ;d:of eg] tT;d zAbdf klg b]vf k/]sf 5g\ M

#=!=! …bzÚ sf lglDt …b;Ú

‘g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]zÚ df …b;Ú n]lvP klg …bzd\Ú af6 …d\Ú lemlsPsf] egL To;nfO{ tb\ej dfGg ;lsFb}g, …k':tsd\Ú af6 …d\Ú lemStf …k':tsÚ tb\ej aGg g;s] em}F …bzsÚ cflbdf k|of]u x'g] …bzÚ s;/L tb\ej aGg ;S5 eGg] tYosf cfwf/df …bzÚ n]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 …bzÚ / …b;Ú b'j} k|of]u x'g uPsf] kfOG5 .

#=!=@ …jÚsf lglDt …aÚ klg

jg, jf/, ljgf cflb tT;j zAb ePsfn] ag, af/, lagf cflb n]lvg' x'Fb}g eGg] dt cufl8 cfPsf] 5 t/ …g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]zÚ df eg] b'j} k|sf/sf k|of]u dfGo 5g\ . o;/L g} a9L rNtLsf tT;d zAbdf …aÚ g} k|of]u ul/g' kg]{ dt klg ljBdfg 5 .

#=!=# k~rd j0f{ / lz/ljGb'

tT;d zAbdf ;ª\3, c~rn, 306f, ;Gt, ;DaGw cflb k~rd j0f{sf] k|of]u g]a[zdf ul/Psfn] ;f]xL cg';f/ n]lvg' kg]{ xf] t/ s;} s;}n] cfkm\gf] n]vgdf ;+3, c+rn, 3+6f, ;+t, ;+aGw cflb klg k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .

#=@ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAb ;DaGwL ;d:of

tb\ej / cfuGt's zAb ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ tT;dsf t'ngfdf a9L 5g\ . ljleGg ckjfb / hl6ntfn] ubf{ tL a9L ePsf x'g\ . To:tf ;d:ofx¿ lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

#=@=! zAbsf ;'? / lardf bL3{ n]vg

tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbnfO{ g]kfnL lgod cg';f/ ;'? / lardf x|:j n]lvg] lgod 5 t/ o;sf cg]s ckjfbn] n]vgdf hl6ntf pTkGg u/]sf 5g\ M

#=@=!=! Ifltk"/s bL3L{s/0f

g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgåf/f cfof]lht g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; ljifos clwuf]i7L -@)%&_ sf] lgisif{ Ifltk"/s bL3L{s/0fsf ljk/Lt 5 . ToxfF o; k|sf/ n]lvPsf] 5 M

;dLe"t Jo~hgx¿dWo] Ps Jo~hgsf] nf]k ePkl5 cu|jtL{ :j/ bL3{ dfGg] k/Dk/fnfO{ Ifltk"/s bL3L{s/0f elgG5 . of] lzi6 g]kfnL k/Dk/f xf] tfklg pRrf/0fdf x|:j g} kfOPsfn] x|:j g} n]Vg' pko'Qm 5 . h:tf] M ltSt – tLtf], ldi7 – dL7f], lrNn – rLn, j[4 – a"9f], km'Nn – km"n, r'qm – r"s, b'Uw – b"w, z'i7L – ;"7f] o:tf] k|of]u eO /x]sf] eP tfklg pRrf/0fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ lttf], ld7f], lrn, a'9f], km'n, r's, b'w, ;'7f] n]Vg' pko'Qm 5 -kGyL, @)%&M%%_ .

pko'{Qm lgisif{nfO{ lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] u|x0f u/]/ lttf], ld7f], lrn, a'9f], km'n, b'w cflb k|of]u ug{ yfn] klg g]a[zdf eg] ;RofOPsf] 5}g / k'/fgf Jofs/0f Pjd\ z}nL k'l:tsfx¿df klg oyfjt\ bL3L{s/0f kfOG5 .

#=@=!=@ ;+:s[t lgs6 7fgL lzi6 k|of]usf gfddf bL3L{s/0f

tb\ej eP/ klg ;+:s[t lgs6 7fgL lzi6 k|of]usf gfddf gLnf -;+= gLn_, sL/f] -;+= sL6_, hLp -;+= hLj_, w"nf] -;+= w"ln_, d";f] -;+= d"ifs_ cflb zAb bL3{ n]lvFb} 5g\ / sltko zAbsf]z Pjd\ Jofs/0fsf cfwf/df dfGo 5g\ . lzIff dGqfno, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] …k|sfzg ;Dkfbg z}nLÚ -@)^#_ / ljleGg lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] eg] lgnf], ls/f], lhp, w'nf], d';f] cflb k|rngdf NofO{ tb\ej zAbsf] lardf x|:j n]lvg] lgodnfO{ cFufln ;s]sf 5g\ . ;+:s[tsf slt lgs6 eP lzi6 k|of]u dfg]/ bL3f{s/0f ug]{ eGg] ;d:of hl6n g} xf] .

#=@=!=# ;ª\VofjfrL zAbdf bL3L{s/0f / x|:jLs/0f

       ;ª\VofjfrL zAbsf lardf PSn} cfpg] :j/nfO{ x|:j n]Vg kfOg] t/ Jo~hg;Fu ufFl;P/ cfpFbf eg] bL3{ g} n]Vg' kg]{ lgodn] Ps} k|sf/sf zAbdf klg bf]x/f] n]vfO x'g uO{ hl6ntf l;h{gf ePsf] lyof] . To;}n] ;a} ;ª\VofjfrL zAbsf ;'? / lardf x|:j n]v]/ Ps¿ktf Nofpg] sfd lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 PSsfO;÷PSsfO{;, pGgfO;÷pGgfO{;, tLg, aL;, rfnL;, c;Lof}F h:tf k|of]u PSsfO;, pGgfO;, ltg, la;, rfln; / cl;of}F x'g uPsf 5g\ . gofF k|of]un] JoflKt kfO g;s]sfn] bf]x/f] k|of]u ljBdfg 5 .

#=@=!=$ cfuGt's zAbdf bL3L{s/0f

       ;a} cfuGt's zAbsf] ;'? / lardf x|:j n]lvg] lgod eP klg cTolws k|rlnt dfg]/ rLkm, 8Lg, xsLd OToflb bL3{ n]lvg] u/]sfn] ckjfb a9\g uPsf] lyof] . clxn] eg] oL ckjfb /fVg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo gePsf] 7fgL x|:jLs/0fsf] k|of]u a9]sf] 5 . k'/fgf] k|of]u cem} ;dfKt eO;s]sf] 5}g .

#=@=!=% tT;d zAbdf g]kfnL k|Too ufFl;Psf]df bL3L{s/0f

       s;} s;}n] cem klg :jLsfg'{, k"j]{nL h:tf k|of]u ul/ /x]sfn] o; k|sf/sf] ;d:ofsf] cjz]if b]vf k/]sf] xf] . g]a[zdf eg] d'Vof{OF, k'la{of h:tf k|of]ux¿ ljBdfg 5g\ .

#=@= zAbsf] cGtdf x|:jLs/0f / bL3L{s/0f

       gfd / ljz]if0f zAbx¿sf] cGtdf cfpg] psf/sf] k|of]udf Ps¿ktf 5}g . s'g}df x|:j / s'g}df bL3{ n]Vg] ul/gfn] hl6ntf pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5 . gfd / ljz]if0fnfO{ cnu cnu /fv]/ ;f] hl6ntfsf] hfgsf/L ug{ ;lsG5 M

#=@=! gfd zAbsf] cGtdf x|:j / bL3{ psf/

       gfd zAbx¿dWo] s'g}sf] cGtdf x|:j / s'g}sf] cGtdf bL3{ n]Vg] k|rng /x]sf] lyof] . vf; u/L k'lnË / gk'+;s lnËsf] clGtd psf/ x|:j n]Vg] ul/GYof] . h:t}Ù bfh', afa', cfn', s]/fp, u'lgpF, klgpF, d'u', gfpF, ufpF, ;f]n'v'Da', aNv', dn]v' cflb . o;d} klg bL3{ n]lvg] zAbx¿ lyP . h:t}Ù u'Go"F, kGo"F, £o", x]nDa", lnDa", yf¿ cflb . s'g} s'g} zAbsfg] bf]x/f] ¿k klg rn]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t}Ù Hofk'÷Hofk", ;fx'÷;fx", tgx'F÷tgx"F, b'Nn'÷b'Nn", lxGb'÷lxGb" cflb . o;/L uGhfuf]nsf] cj:yf psf/fGt gfdsf] n]vgdf ljBdfg /x]sfn] x|:j psf/fGt k|of]u a9\g yfn]sf] 5 t/ To;sf] k|of]un] Jofkstf kfpg afFsL g} 5 .

#=@=@ ljz]if0f zAbsf] cGtdf x|:j / bL3{ psf/

       ljz]if0f zAbsf] cGtdf cfpg] psf/ klg x|:j / bL3{ b'j} n]Vg] k|rng lyof] . x|:j n]vgdf l6sfp, l;sf?, d}tfn', Ovfn', 3/]n', sfg' cflb / bL3{ n]vgdf ;fg", sfn", afa", rfn", nfu", pNn", 56\6", a'b\w", lk5nUu", nDa" cflb k|of]u ul/Gy] . cfhsfn eg] x|:j psf/fGt k|of]u ljz]if0fsf ;Gbe{df klg ;a} zAbdf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;}n] ;fg', sfn', afa', rfn', nfu', pNn', 56\6', a'b\w', lk5nUu', nDa' cflbsf] k|of]uaf6 ;/ntf / Ps¿ktf cfpg nfu]sf] 5 . o;n] klg ;Dk"0f{ k|of]ustf{sxfF kx'Fr k'¥ofO ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .

#=# …`Ú / …0fÚ j0f{sf] k|of]u

tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf pRrf/0f cg';f/ …gÚ sf] k|of]u x'g' kg]{df …`Ú / …0fÚ sf] klg k|of]u st} st} ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t}Ù ;~rf], knf~rf]s, jL/u~h, g]kfnu~h, em08f, 808f cflb . pRrf/0f cg';f/ n]Vtf eg] ;Grf], knfGrf]s, jL/uGh, g]kfnuGh, emG8f, 8G8f cflb n]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf zAbdf b'O{ k|sf/sf] k|of]u cem} ;dfKt eO ;s]sf] 5}g .

#=$= …ªÚ sf 7fpFdf …ª\uÚ

s]xL gfd / cg's/0ffTds zAbsf cGtdf …ªÚ pRrf/0f eP klg …ª\uÚ n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . h:t}Ù bfË, afUn'Ë, df]/Ë, aemfË, u'?Ë, r]kfË, e/ª\u, km'?Ë cflb . logsf 7fpFdf …ªÚ g]kfnL pRrf/0f cg';f/sf] :jfefljs k|of]u xf] . h:t}Ù bfª, afUn'ª, df]/ª, aemfª, u'?ª, r]kfª, e/ª\ª, km'?ª\ª cflb . o;df klg n]vgsf] Ps¿ktf cfO ;s]sf] 5}g .

#=% :jtGq tyf k[ys\ k|of]usf Pp6} l8sf]df /x]sf zAbsf lardf x|:jLs/0f

s;} s;}n] :jtGq tyf k[ys\ ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] bL3{ psf/fGt zAbx¿ Pp6} l8sf]df n]lvFbf lardf x|:j n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}Ù sf]l/af6L, hl8a'6L, ldlnh'nL, ufOuf]7, e]l8uf]7 cflb . oL zAbx¿nfO{ sf]/Laf6L, h8La'6L, ldnLh'nL, ufO{uf]7, e]8Luf]7sf ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ pko'St ePsfn] ;f]xL cg';f/ k|of]u ug]{x¿ g} a9L 5g\ . o;af/] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f aGg g;Stf ;d:of b]vf kg'{ :jfefljs 5 .

#=^= cª\u|]hL cflbaf6 cfPsf] cfuGt's zAbsf] 5f]6s/L ¿ksf] cfBsf] Osf/ psf/

cª\u|]hL cflbaf6 cfPsf] cfuGt's zAbsf] 5f]6s/L ¿kdf k|To]s cfBIf/ Osf/ eP bL3{ / psf/ eP x|:j n]lvg' kg]{df unt lsl;dn] klg n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . h:t}Ù la=la=;L=, l;=l8=cf]=, o"=Pg=cf]=, cfO=l;=o'=, cfO=l;=o'= cflb . o;df ;xL ¿kdf n]Vg]n] aL=aL=;L=, ;L=8L=cf]=, o'=Pg=cf]=, ;L=;L=o'=, cfO{=;L=o'= n]Vg] k|rng 5 . o;/L b'O{ k|sf/sf k|of]ux¿ clxn] b]Vg ;lsG5 . lognfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ zAbjt\ n]Vtf eg] b]Vg ;lsG5 . lognfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ zAbjt\ n]Vtf eg] g]kfnL tb\ej zAb ;/x Osf/ eP ;'? Pjd\ lardf x|:j / cGtdf bL3{ tyf psf/ eP k'/} x|:j n]lvG5 . h:t}Ù lala;L, l;l8cf], o'Pgcf], l;l;o', cfOl;o' cflb . logsf] n]vgsf] lgoddf klg :ki6tf kfOFb}g .

#=& tT;d, tb\ej / cGo zAbsf] cfBIf/sf] Osf/ psf/

cª\u|]hL cflbaf6 cfPsf cfuGt's zAbsf] cfBIf/sf] Osf/ psf/sf] n]vgaf6 tT;d, tb\ej / cGo zAbsf] n]vg k|efljt eO{ k|To]s j0f{ bL3{ n]Vg] ul/Psf] klg obfsbf kfOG5 . h:t}Ù jLk| = lji0f'k|;fb, dfjL  = dfWolds ljBfno, g]=a}=nL= = g]kfn a}ª\s lnld6]8 cflb . ;xL ¿kdf n]lvFbf eg] zAbdf cfBIf/ h:tf] 5 ;f]xL ¿kdf n]lvG5 . dflysf j0f{x¿ qmdzM lj=k|=, df=lj=, g]=a}=ln=sf ¿kdf n]lvG5g\ . ltgnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf zAbjt\ n]Vtf klg x|:j bL3{df kl/jt{g x'Fb}g / ljk|, dflj, g]a}ln g} n]lvG5g\ .

#=* cª\u|]hL cflbaf6 cfPsf cfuGt's zAbsf cfBIf/af6 lgld{t ;ª\lIfKt zAbsf] Osf/ psf/

cª\u|]hL cflbaf6 cfPsf cfuGt's zAbsf cfBIf/af6 ljz]if lsl;dn] lgld{t ;ª\lIfKt zAb (Acronym) sf] n]vg g]kfnL lgod cg';f/ Osf/ eP ;'? Pjd\ lardf x|:j / cGtdf bL3{ tyf psf/ eP x|:j n]lvg' kg]{df To;eGbf leGg lsl;dn] klg n]Vg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h:t}Ù o"g]:sf], o"Pgcf], ;Lgf;, /Lsf:6 cflb . o;/L n]lvFbf unt x'g' :jfefljs xf] .

#=( z, if, ; j0f{sf] k|of]u

tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf klg …zÚ / …ifÚ sf] k|of]u cem;Dd klg cGTo eO;s]sf] 5}g . v'zL, sDo'lgi6 h:tf k|of]u cem} ljBdfg 5g\ .

#=!) …aÚ / …jÚ j0f{sf] k|of]u

g]kfnL pRrf/0f cg';f/ n]lvg' kg]{ ;'emfa, r'gfa, tgfa cflbsf lglDt clxn] klg ;'emfa, r'gfj, tgfj cflb k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . tT;d zAbdf …aÚ sf lglDt …jÚ n]lvP klg cGoq pRrf/0fsf cfwf/df …aÚ g} n]lvg' kg]{df To;f] gePsf] e]l6G5 .

#=!! chGt / xnGt k|of]u

gflds zAb, cg's/0ffTds zAb / cª\u|]hL j0f{ g]kfnL pRrf/0fdf xnGt eP klg chGt n]lvg' kg]{ xf], t/ To;f] gu/L xnGt g} n]Vg] ul/Psf] klg e]l6G5 . h:t}Ù OdfGbf/, u8\a8, P;\=Pn\=;L=, Pd\=P= cflb . o; lsl;dsf] a]l7s k|of]u cem} cGTo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

#=!@ ;+o'St j0f{ n]vgsf] hl6ntf

qm, B, 2, 4, ß, å, Œj, Xj, x| cflbsf] k/Dk/fut n]vgnfO{ cËLsf/ ug{ g;Stf klg g]kfnL n]vg k4lt ;d:ofu|:t ag]sf] 5 . logsf] n]vgsf] ;/nLs/0fsf] k|of; eP klg To;nfO{ ;a}n] cËLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5}g .

#=!# lz/ljGb'sf] k|of]u

lz/ljGb'sf] k|of]un] ubf{ …sf+nf]Ún] …sfGnf]Ú a'emfpF5 ls …sfDnf]Ú clg …gf+nf]Ú n] …gfª\nf]Ú a'emfpF5 ls …gfDnf]Ú eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'Fb}g . To;}n] sf]xL sf]xLn] ug]{ lz/ljGb' k|of]u klg ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L g} sltko cj:yfdf lz/ljGb' cfFvfsf lglDt b[li6uf]r/ gx'g] ePsfn] klg ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5 .

$= ;dfwfg

g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df b]vf k/]sf pko'{St ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf] k|oTg Psflt/ g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgaf6 j]nf j]nfdf ePsf] kfOG5 eg] csf{lt/ lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno / ;femf k|sfzgsf tkm{af6 klg ;fdlos ;'wf/sf sfd x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| / pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\åf/f o; lglDt ul/Psf sfo{x¿ klg pNn]vgLo 5g\ . o;} u/L g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf] jt{dfg :j¿k lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL efiffsf cg]s ljåfg\ / lj1x¿sf] ljlzi6 k|ltef / cys kl/>dsf] nufgL ePsf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] klg oL ljleGg sfdx¿n] :ki6 kfl/ ;s]sf 5g\ h;sf af/]df k|sfz kfg]{ sfd oxfF ul/Psf] 5 .

$=! tT;d zAb ;DaGwL ;dfwfg

tT;d zAbsf] j0f{ ljGof; ;+:s[ts} lgod cg';f/ Jojl:yt ul/g' k5{ . To;}n] zAbsf]zsf] k|of]u g} tT;d zAbsf] j0f{ ljGof;sf] lgbfg xf] . dfly plNnlvt ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg eg] lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ pko'St
x'G5 M

$=!=! …b;Ú sf 7fpFdf …bzÚ

…b;Ú zAbn] g]a[zdf k|ljli6 kfP klg ;f] k|of]u ;+:s[t lgodsf ljk/Lt ePsfn] …bzÚ g} rnfpg' k5{ / zAbsf]zdf klg ;f]xL cg'¿k k|ljli6 lbg' k5{ . ToxfF zAbsf] cGtsf] …d\Ú x6\t}df ;f] zAb tb\ej x'g ;Sb}g .

$=!=@ …aÚ sf lglDt …jÚ

tT;d zAbx¿ jg, jf/, ljgf, j]nf cflbnfO{ tT;d k|of]u cg';f/ g} n]Vg' pko'St x'g] ePsfn] ag, af/, lagf, a]nf cflb n]lvg' x'Fb}g . c¿ tT;d zAbx¿df klg pRrf/0f cg';f/ …jÚ sf lglDt …aÚ n]Vg] k|rng cfPdf dfq To;/L n]Vg ;lsG5, cGoyf s'g cTolws k|of]usf] xf] / …aÚ n]lvg' k5{ egL lgSof]{n ug{ ufx|f] kb{5 .

$=!=#  k~rd j0f{ / lz/ljGb'

tT;d zAbdf k|foM k~rd j0f{sf] n]vg g} pko'St ePsfn] To;s} k|of]u ul/g' k5{ . h:t}Ù zª\sf, c~rn, s07, ;Gt, ;Dkfbg cflb . ;+o'St zAbx¿sf clulNt/ lz/ljGb'sf] n]vgnfO{ klg l:jsfl/g' kb{5 . h:t}Ù …;ª\VofÚ sf lglDt …;+VofÚ, …;ª\lIfKtÚ sf lglDt ;+lIfKtÚ, …;ª\1fÚ sf lglDt ;+1f cflb n]lvg' /fd|f] b]lvG5 .

$=@ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAb ;DaGwL ;dfwfg

tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbsf] j0f{ ljGof; ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf lglDt lq=lj=lj= kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 k|sflzt …clgjfo{ g]kfnL lzIf0f lgb]{lzsfÚ -@)^^ M !!_ n] clu ;f/]sf lgDg lnlvt a'Fbfx¿ dggLo
5g\ M

s=  g]kfnL efiffdf k|rlnt tb\ej, cfuGt's / cg's/0f zAbsf ;'? jf dfemsf Osf/ psf/ -j0f{ / dfqf b'a}_ x|:j n]lvG5g\ .

v= g]kfnL efiffdf k|rlnt ;a} tb\ej, cfuGt's / cg's/0f zAbdf cfpg] ;sf/ -;_ bGTo dfGq x'G5 .

u= g]kfnL tb\ej, cfuGt's / cgs'/0f d"n zAbdf pRrf/0f cg';f/ a, j, P, ª, g, d j0f{sf] k|of]u x'G5 .

3= g]kfnL tb\ej, cfuGt's / cg's/0f zAbdf O{, pm, C, `, 0f, z, if, If, 1 sf] k|of]u x'Fb}g .

pko'{St egfOx¿dWo] -3_ df plNnlvt O{, pm sf] k|of]u gx'g] s'/f pRrf/0fsf ;Gb{edf nfu' eP klg n]vgdf tL ljBdfg g} /x]sfn] vl08t x'g hfG5 . h:t}Ù uO{, hfpmg\, vfpm h:tf tb\ej k|of]udf ltgsf] k|of]u kfOG5 . pko'{St c¿ s'/f eg] u|fXo 5g\ . oL a'Fbfx¿n] tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbsf] j0f{ ljGof;df b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ dfu{ bz{g u/]sf 5g\ . ctM lognfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfpFb} oxfF tb\ej / cfuGt's zAb ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg k|:t't ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 M

$=@=! zAbsf ;'? / lardf x|:j n]vg

tb\ej, cfuGt's / cg's/0f zAbsf ;'? / dfemsf Osf/ psf/ x|:j n]Vg] lgod k|rlnt 5Fbf5Fb} cg]s ckjfbx¿ /flv/xg' pko'St 5}g . ctM tL ckjfbx¿ x6fO{ n]vgdf ;/ntf / Ps¿ktf Nofpg cFuflnPsf lgDg lnlvt lgodx¿ u|x0f ul/g cfjZos 5 M

$=@=!=! Ifltk"/s bL3L{s/0fsf 7fpFdf x|:jLs/0f

tb\ej zAbx¿ aGg] qmddf s'g} j0f{ nf]k ePsf sf/0fn] Ifltk"lt{ :j¿k bL3{ n]Vg] ul/Psf 7fpFdf x|:j n]Vg] lgwf] g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; ljifos clwuf]i7L -@)%&_ n] ul/ ;s]sf] / lq=lj=lj= tyf pRr df=lj= cGtu{tsf] k7g kf7gdf To;nfO{ nfu' klg ul/ ;lsPsf] x'Fbf Ifltk"/s bL3f{s/0fsf 7fpFdf x|:jLs/0fnfO{ cFufNg' pko'St 5 . h:t}Ù lttf] -ltSt_, ld7f] ldi6_, lk7f] -lki6_, lu7f] -u[li6_, l97f] -w[i7_, l;k -lzNk_, ldt -ldq_, ?v -j[If_, d't -d"q_, ?vf] -?If_, ;'t -;"q_, pg -pm0f{_, a'9f] -j[4_, ltvf] -tLI0f_, r'g -r"0f{_, k'/f -k"0f{_, r's -r'qm_, km'n -km'Nn_, lrn -lrNn_, lar -laRr_, l7s -l7Ss_, le8 -le8\8_ cflb .

$=@=!=@  ;+:s[t lgs6 7fgL bL3L{s/0f ul/Psf zAbdf x|:jLs/0f

tb\ej zAbnfO{ ;+:s[t lgs6 7fgL lzi6 k|of]usf gfddf bL3{ n]Vg] k/Dk/f hl6n ePsfn] To;sf 7fpFdf x|:j n]vgnfO{ cFuflnPsf] kfOG5 . jf:tjdf s'g zAb ;+:s[t lgs6 / s'g 6f9f egL lgSof]{n ug{ ufx|f] x'g] ePsfn] ;Dk"0f{ tb\ej zAbsf ;Gbe{df Pp6} lgod nfu' ug'{ cf}lrTok"0f{ 5 . ctM To; k|sf/sf zAbsf ;Gbe{df x|:jLs/0f u|fXo 5 . h:t}Ù ls/f] -sL6_, lsnf] -sLn_, w'nf] -w"ln_, w'jfF -w"d_, lgnf] -gLn_, 7'nf] -:y"n_, lhp -hLj_, d'nf -d"n_, lvn -sLn_, lv/ -IfL/_, lap -aLh_, lbof] -bLk_, lk/ -kL8f_, lk/f] -kL8s_, d';f] -d"ifs_, ulx/f] -ueL/_, sk'/ -sk"{/_, lr;f] -zLt_, ;'/f] -z"/_, lh/f -hL/s_ cflb . lzIff dGqfno / lq=lj=lj= cGtu{tsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] o; cg';f/ g} cWoog cWofkg ul/ /x]sf] kfOG5 / ;f]xL k|of]u ;j{u|fXo x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

$=@=!=# ;ª\VofjfrL zAbdf x|:jLs/0f

;ª\VofjfrL zAbx¿ tb\ej eP klg ;'? / lardf k"0f{tM x|:j k|of]u gul/gfn] st} x|:j / st} bL3{ n]vgnfO{ cFuflng'af6 pTkGg hl6ntfsf] cGTo cfjZos lyof] . o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu x|:jLs/0fnfO{ cFuflnPsf] 5 . ctM pGgfO;÷pGgfO{; h:tf zAbdf kfOg] x|:j / bL3{sf] bf]xf]/f] n]vg x6fO{ ;j{q x|:j n]lvg' o;sf] ;dfwfg xf] . o; cg';f/ ltg, pGgfO;, la;, PSsfO;, afO;, t]O;, rf}la;, klRr;, 5lAa;, ;QfO;, c6\7fO;, pglGt;, lt;, Pslt;, alQ;, t]lQ;, rf}Flt;, k}Flt;, 5lQ;, ;}Flt;, c7lt;, pgGrfln;, rfln;, rfln;f}F, cl;of}F cflb n]lvg' ;/n / :jfefljs x'g uPsf] 5 .

$=@=!=$ cfuGt's zAbdf x|:jLs/0f

;Dk"0f{ cfuGt's zAbx¿sf] ;'? / lardf x|:j n]lvg] t/ rLkm, 8Lg / xsLd bL3{ n]lvg] k|rngaf6 ckjfb dfq a9\g uPsf] lyof] . ctM oL zAbx¿df klg x|:j n]vgnfO{ cFuflng' cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g uPsf] 5 . cfuGt's zAbx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] Pp6f lgod g} ;a}sf lglDt ;xh x'g' :jfefljs 5 . sfg'g, ;lxb h:tf klxn] klxn] bL3{ n]Vg] ul/Psf zAbx¿sf] n]vgdf ;d]t x|:jLs/0f eO ;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;Lldt s]xL zAbdf bL3L{s/0f b]vf kg'{ cgfjZos ¿kdf ckjfbnfO{ dxŒj lbg' xf] . To;}n] ltgsf] x|:j n]vg g} ;d:ofsf] lgbfg xf] .

$=@=!=% tT;d zAbdf g]kfnL k|Too nfUbf x|:jLs/0f

tT;d zAbdf g]kfnL k|Too ufFl;Psf] cj:yfdf g]kfnL lgod cg';f/ zAbsf] ;'? / lardf x|:j n]lvg' kb{5 . ctM :jLsfg'{, k"j]{nL, d"Vof{OF h:tf n]vgnfO{ l:jsfg'{, k'a]{nL, d'Vof{OF h:tf k|of]udf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] g} o'lSt ;ª\ut 7xb{5 .

$=# gfd zAbsf] cGtdf x|:j psf/

w]/}h;f] gfd zAbsf cGTodf x|:j psf/ n]lvP klg s]xLdf x|:j / bL3{sf] bf]xf]/f] k|of]u kfOG5 . o:tf] l:yltsf] n]vgn] hl6ntf pTkGg ug]{ x'Fbf ;a} k|sf/sf gfdsf] clGtd psf/ x|:j n]lvg' pko'St 5 . ctM 7fpF, ufpF, ;fx', afa', efp, bfp, cfn', lkF8fn', P]F;]n', tgx'F, ;fFv', ;f]n'vDa', x]nDa', dn]v, b'Nn', d'u', lnv', aNv', l5Gr', u'lgpF÷u'Go'F, klgpF÷kGo'F, l3p÷£o', lxGb', yf?, lnDa', Hofk', ;}Fh', e'h', kg]?, pb'{, t]nu', ;fg', sfn', nfn', u'g' h:tf zAbsf] cGtsf] psf/ x|:j n]lvg' kb{5 .

$=$ ljz]if0f zAbsf] cGtdf x|:j psf/

ljz]if0f zAbx¿dWo] Ovfn', 3/]n', d}tfn', l;sf?, x6f?, l6sfp cflb x|:j psf/fGt / rfn", nfu", pNn', nDa", rDa", 98\8', kq", 56\6", gfg", nfn" cflb bL3{ psf/fGt n]lvg'af6 hl6ntf pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5 . ctM bL3{ psf/fGtsf] k|rng x6fO{ rfn', nfu', pNn', nDa', rDa', 98\8', kq', 56\6' x|:j psf/fGtnfO{ cFufNgfn] ;/ntf Pjd\ Ps¿ktf x'g hfG5 .

$=$ …`Ú / …0fÚ sf 7fpFdf …gÚ j0f{ 

       tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf ;~rf], knf~rf]s, jL/u~h, g]kfnu~h, em08f, 808f h:tf k|of]u gu/L pRrf/0f cg';f/ ;Grf], knfGrf]s, jL/uGh, g]kfnuGh, emG8f, 8G8f h:tf k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 .  tT;dsf lgod cg';f/ cgfjZos ¿kdf k~rd j0f{ k|of]u ug]{ k|j[lQ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbsf lglDt TofHo 5 .

$=^ …ª\uÚ sf 7fpFdf …ªÚ  

       bfª\u, afUn'ª\u, df]/ª\u, aemfª\u, wflbª\u, u'?ª\u, r]kfª\u, e/ª\u, k'm?ª\u h:tf zAbsf cGtdf …ª\uÚ n]lvP klg …ªÚ pRrf/0f x'g] x'Fbf pRrf/0f cg';f/ …ªÚ n]lvg' k5{ . o; cg';f/ ltgsf] n]vg bfª, afUn'ª, df]/ª, aemfª, wflbª, u'?ª, r]kfª, e/ª\ª, k'm?ª\ª ul/g' g]kfnL efiffsf] k|j[lQ cg'¿k x'g hfG5 .

$=& cª\u|]hL cflbaf6 cfPsf] cfuGt's zAbsf] cfBIf/af6 lgld{t 5f]6s/L ¿k

       cª\u|]hL cflbaf6 cfPsf] zAbsf] cfB cIf/af6 lgld{t 5f]6s/L ¿ksf] n]vg lgDg cg';f/ ug]{ lgwf] g]kfnL sDKo'6/ zAbfjnLsf] lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df ul/Psf] 5 . To;}nfO{ cFufNg' pko'St b]lvG5 M

-s_ x/]s zAbsf] cfBIf/df yf]Knf] -=_ lbO{ n]Vtf Osf/ eP bL3{ / psf/ eP x|:j n]Vg] . h:t}, aL=aL=;L=, ;L=8L=cf]=, o'=Pg=cf]=, ;L=;L=o'= cflb .

-v_ cfBIf/df yf]Knf] -=_ glbO{ Pp6} l8sf]df n]Vtf / ljz]if lsl;dn] ;ª\lIfKt zAb (Acronym) agfpFbf g]kfnL lgodfg';f/ n]Vg] .

h:t}≤

-s_ lala;L, l;l8cf], l;l;o' cflb .

-v_ l;gf;, l/sf:6, o'g]:sf], o'lg;]km cflb .

$=* tT;d, tb\ej / cGo zAbsf] cfBIf/af6 lgld{t 5f]6s/L ¿k

tT;d, tb\ej / cGo zAbsf] cfBIf/af6 lgld{t 5f]6s/L ¿ksf] n]vg d"n ¿ksf] cfBIf/ cg';f/ g} n]lvG5 . yf]Knf] lbP/ jf glbP/ h;/L n]lvP klg cfBIf/sf] x|:j bL3{df kl/jt{g x'Fb}g . h:t}Ù

-s_ cfBIf/kl5 yf]Knf] -=_ lbOPsf] n]vg– g]=jf=lg= -g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud_, g]=cf}=lj=s= -g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; skf]{/];g_ .

-v_ cfBIf/kl5 yf]Knf] glbPsf] n]vg–g]jflg, g]cf}ljs .

$=( …zÚ / …ifÚ geO{ …;Ú sf] k|of]u

       tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf …zÚ / …ifÚ sf] pRrf/0f gx'g] ePsfn] …;Ú sf] dfq k|of]u ul/G5 . h:t}Ù :6];g, Pl;of, ;lxb, sDo'lg:6, l/sf:6, v';L, ;x/, k|:6, km:6 cflb .

$=!) …aÚ / …jÚ j0f{sf] pRrf/0f cg';f/ n]vg

       tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf pRrf/0f cg';f/ …aÚ / …jÚ sf] n]vg ul/g' kb{5 . h:t}Ù

-s_ …aÚ sf] k|of]u– ;'emfa, r'gfa, tgfa, ha, ta, b'a} cflb .

-v_ …jÚ sf] k|of]u– jlsn, jfNn, sf}jf, x\j]n, s'jf cflb .

$=!! ;+o'St j0f{sf] n]vg

       tnsf hl6n n]vg ul/g] ;+o'St j0f{sf] n]vgnfO{ ;/n t'NofOg' kb{5 . To; lglDt lgDgfg';f/sf] n]vgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g' pko'St x'G5 M

       Qm–St, B–b\o, 2–b\bf, 4–b\w, ß–b\d, å–b\j, Œj–TTj, Xj–x\j, x|–x\/ .

$=!@ chGt / xnGt

       w]/}h;f] gflds zAb, cg's/0ffTds zAb / cª\u|]hL j0f{ g]kfnL pRrf/0fdf xnGt eP klg lgDgfg';f/ chGt n]lvG5g\ . h:t}Ù

-s_ gflds kb–3/, bfn, eft, c;n, Odfgbf/ cflb .

-v_ cg's/0ffTds zAb–u8u8, u8\ofªu'8'ª, r6r6, ;/;/ cflb .

-u_ cª\u|]hL j0f{–P;=Pn=;L=, Pd=P=, Pn=Pn=Pd= cflb .

$=!# lz/ljGb'sf 7fpFdf pRrf/0f cg';f/ ª\, g\, d\

       tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf lz/ljGb'sf] k|of]un] pRrf/0f / cy{df km/s kfg]{ x'Fbf lz/ljGb'sf 7fpFdf ª\ , g\, d\ sf] k|of]u o;/L ug'{k5{ M

-s_ ª\ – ;fª\nf], gfª\nf], ˆofª\nf] cflb .

-v_ g\ – sfGnf], dfGb|f], u'Gb|L cflb .

-u_ d\ – sfDnf], gfDnf], ;'Dnf] cflb .

%= lgisif{

       g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf pko'{St ;d:of / ltgsf ;dfwfgaf/] ljut nfdf] ;dob]lvsf 5nkmn / jt{dfg k|of]unfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ oxfF s]xL ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St ce}m klg tnsf h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

-s_ ;Dk"0f{ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbsf ;'? / larsf Osf/ / psf/ bL3{ n]lvP klg t[tLo k'?if ax'jrg kbdf larsf] psf/ -hfpmg\, ;'t"g\, lxF8"g\ cflb_ bL3{ n]lvG5 . s] of] ckjfb arfO /xg cfjZos 5 <

-v_ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbsf] clGtd psf/ k|foM x|:j n]lvG5 t/ …x¿Ú sf] …¿Ú cem} bL3{ n]lvG5 . s] o; …¿Ú nfO{ x|:j n]Vg ;lsPnf <

       g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf ;Gbe{df oxfF ul/Psf] ljj]rgf / p7fOPsf k|Zgx¿ n]vgsf] ;/nLs/0f, ckjfbsf] Go"gLs/0f / ;fdlos ;'wf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . g]kfnL efiffdf b]vf k/]sf] ljljwtfdo n]vgsf] Ps¿ktf / hl6ntfsf] cGTo jt{dfg ;dosf] dfu xf] . g]kfnL efiffsf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;, o;sf] cWoogdf cfPsf] Jofkstf, o;sf df}lns ljz]iftfx¿sf] klxrfg, o;sf k|sfo{df ePsf] ;+j[l4 cflbn] o;nfO{ Ps dxŒjk"0f{ cfw'lgs efiffsf ¿kdf ljZj;fd' kl/lrt t'NofPsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L dfG5]x¿sf kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg, o;sf k|of]ustf{x¿n] ef]lu /x]sf sl7gfO kG5fpg / o'usf] w'sw'sL;Fu o;nfO{ ufF:t} ultzLn, hLjGt / ;'b[9 t'Nofpg oxfFsf] ;fy{s 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ dxŒjk"0f{ k|flKt aGg] 5 .

;Gbe{ s[lt ;"rL

clwsf/L, uf]ljGb / cGo, ;Dkf= -@)^#_, cGgk"0f{ kf]:6 z}nL k'l:tsf, sf7df8f}F M cfKsf k|sfzg .

clwsf/L, x]dfË /fh -@)^#_, efiff lzIf0f M s]xL kl/k|]Io tyf k4lt, rf}=;+=, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .

================== -@)^&_, æg]kfnL j0f{ ljGofdf kbof]u / kb ljof]udf dfgsLs/0fsf] k|;ËÆ, ul/df, @*M!), k"0ff{Í ##$, k[= (&–!)# .

c;Ld, uf]kfn kf08] -@)$%_, /rgf s]z/, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .

cfrfo{, k'ik/fh / cGo -@)^#_ z}nL k':ts, sf7df8f}F M ;g nfO6 klAns];g .

cfrfo{, lzj/fh -@)#)_, lhDbf] g]kfnL ef;f, sf7df8f}+ M n]vs :jod\ .

pkfWofo, d's'Gb z/0f -@)$#_, g]kfnL efiff / Jofs/0f M k|:tfjgf / ljj]rgf, kf]v/f M s~rg
k|sfzg .

====================-@)%&_, ætT;d, tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbx¿sf] j0f{ ljGof;,Æ g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; ljifos clwuf]i7L, @)%&, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .

lu/L, hLj]Gb| b]j -@)^&_, æn]Vo g]kfnLsf] Ps¿kLs/0f / ;a}sf] g]kfnLÆ, -@)^&_, k]ml/ gf}nf] kfOnf], !M@, k[=#*–$! .

=======================-@)^&_, æem/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngÆ, k|1f #, k"0ff{Ë ^!, k[=!##–!#* .

=======================-@)^&_, æ;a}sf] g]kfnL M kf7\oqmdb]lv k7g kf7g;DdÆ, @)^& c;f]h ( df ;Kt u08sL SofDk;, g]kfnL ljefu, e/tk'/åf/f cfof]lht cled'vLs/0f Pjd\ sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq .

=======================-@)^&_, æg]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf] jt{dfg :j¿kÆ, r]N;L Ps]8]dL, sf7df8f}Fåf/f cfof]lht uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq .

uf}td, b]jL k|;fb -@)$(_, g]kfnL efiff kl/ro, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .

rfln;], ljho, ;Dkf= -@)%%_, uf]/vfkq z}nL k'l:tsf, sf7df8f}F M uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg .

6g{/, cf/=Pn= lnn] -O=!(#!_, P sDKof/]l6e PG8 Ol6df]nf]lhsn l8S;g/L ckm g]kfnL Nofª\Uj]h, gofF lbNnL M PnfO8 klAn;;{ lnld6]8 .

lq=lj=lj= kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| -@)#^_, clgjfo{ g]kfnL lzIf0f lgb]{zg, sf7df8f}F M kf=lj=s]= .

====================== -@)^^_, clgjfo{ g]kfnL lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .

g]kfnL efiff k|sflzgL ;ldlt _!((!_, g]kfnL s;/L z'4 n]Vg] <, sf7df8f}F .

bLlIftfrfo{, ljZjdl0f -O=!(!#_, uf]/vf Jofs/0f af]w, snsQf M n]vs :jod\ .

kl08t, x]d/fh -!(^(_, rlGb|sf, sf7df8f}F M n]vs :jod\ .

kGyL, 6Lsf/fd, ;Dkf= -@)%&_ g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; ljifos clwuf]i7L @)%&, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .

k/fh'nL, 7fs'/ k|;fb / cGo -@)^^_, ;a}sf] g]kfnL, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .

kf]v/]n, afns[i0f / cGo -@)$)_, g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .

k|wfg, leS6/ / /d]z s'df/ e§/fO{ -@)^@_, æn]Vo g]kfnLsf] Ps¿kf{s/0fÆ g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf] tŒjfjwfgdf lxdfn P;f]l;o;gsf] afn ;flxTo k|jw{g s]Gb| / ?d 6' l/8sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf ;~rflnt /fli6«o uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq .

aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)#^_, g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .

aGw', r"8fdl0f / cGo -@)^^_, …rGb|u9L 3f]if0ff kqÚ, g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, r"8fdl0f /]UdL clegGbg u|Gy k|sfzg ;ldlt / d]rL ax'd'vL SofDk;, g]kfnL ljefuåf/f @)^^÷!@÷@( df emfkfdf cfof]lht uf]i7Ldf kfl/t 3f]if0ff kq .   

e§/fO{, ab|L ljzfn -@)^^_, æg]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; ;DaGwL gofF :yfkgfx¿Æ ljifos hgd}qL SofDk; s'n]Zj/df k|:t't sfo{kq .

/]UdL, r"8fdl0f -@)%@_, g]kfnL efiff / Jofs/0fsf s]xL ljifo M s]xL 5nkmn, emfkf M >LdtL j]bs'df/L /]UdL .  

zdf{, tf/fgfy -@)%@_, ;lhnf] g]kfnL, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .

zdf{, df]xg /fh -@)%#_, zAb /rgf / j0f{ ljGof;, sf7df8f}F M gjLg k|sfzg .

zdf{, ;'s'd -@)%^_, g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf] P]ltxfl;s ;j]{If0f, sf7df8f}F M jfª\do k|sfzg .

================-@)%*_, g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf] k|f/lDes Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F M lg/Gt/ klAns];g .

zdf{, ;f]dgfy -!(&^_, dWo rlGb|sf, ;f]x|f}F ;+:s/0f, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .

zfSo, ;Gt axfb'/ / cGo, ;Dkf= -@)^#_, /f;; ;dfrf/ z}nL lgb]{lzsf, sf7df8f}F M/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt .

lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno -@)^#_, k|sfzg ;Dkfbg z}nL, sf7df8f}F M kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| .

================ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|, -@)^^_, æk|sfzg ;Dkfbg z}nLsf] kl/dfh{gÆ ljifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd @)^^ df k|:t't cjwf/0ff kq .