g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] jt{dfg cj:yf / eljiodf x'g' kg]{ sfd

g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] jt{dfg cj:yf / eljiodf x'g' kg]{ sfd

!= yfngL

       g]kfnL eflifs b[li6n] cToGt ;DkGg ax'eflifs d'n's xf] . oxfF kfFr kl/jf/sf efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\ . tL ef/f]k]nL, ef]6 ad]{nL, cUg]o, b|la8 / s';'G8f kl/jf/sf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . lj=;+= @)%* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf ! ;o # hfltsf dfG5]x¿n] oL kl/jf/sf (! efiff af]Nb5g\ . jQm ;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] ef/f]k]nL efiff &(=! k|ltztn], ef]6ad]{nL efiff !*=$ k|ltztn], cfUg]o efiff )=@ k|ltztn], b|lj8 efiff )=! k|ltztn] / s';'G8f efiff )=! k|ltztn] eGbf sdn] af]Nb5g\ .

       jQmf ;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] ;a}eGbf a9L jQmf ePsf] g]kfnL clg ;a}eGbf sd jStf ePsf cf;fdL / ;fwgL efiff oxfF af]lnG5g\ . To;}n] ;a efiffsf l:ylt Pp6} k|sf/sf] 5}g . oL dWo] s'g}df pRr lzIffsf] k7g kf7g x'G5 eg] s'g}df k9fO g} k|f/Dw ePsf] 5}g . s'g}sf j0f{dfn g} ag]sf] 5}g eg] s'g}df ;flxTosf ljeGg k':ts / klqsfx? k|df0fLt 5g\ . s'g}sf] ;~rf/df kx'Fr 5 eg] s'g}sf] 5}g .

       olx ljljwtf jQmfx¿sf] cfcfˆgf efifk|ltsf] ddTj / ljBdfg l:yltsf lar eflifs ;d:ofx¿ b]vf kg'{ :jfefljs 5 . ;d:of b]vfkg'{ / ;dfwfg ub]{ hgfnfO{ g} ;fob ljsf; elgG5 . To;}n] o; If]qsf] jf:tljs l:ylt klxrfg u/L ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ub}{ hfg' g} cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

       s'g} klg efiff cd"No dfgjLo cfh{g xf] . nf]k x'g' ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] 7'nf] gf]S;fgL xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf eg] s}og efiffx¿ nf]kf]Gd'v, ;ª\s6fkGg / d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf 5g\ . s'g} efiff Hofb} sd hg;ª\Vofn] af]Nb5 eg] s'g} efiff afnaflnsfn] af]Ng 5fl8;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] gfh's cj:yfdf k'u]sf efiffx¿ 7'n} ;ª\Vofdf 5g\ .

!=! jStf;ª\Vof

       jStf;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] ;a} eGbf 7'nf] efiff kl/jf/ ef/f]k]nL xf] eg] lrlgofF ltAatL, cfUg]nL, bla8]nL / s';'G8f k/jf/ bf];|f], t];|f], rf}yf] / kfFrf}F :yfgdf kb{5g\ . ;a}eGbf w]/} jStf ePsf] g]kfnL efiffsf jStfx¿ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] $*=^! k|ltzt cyf{t\ !,!),%#,@@% ePsf] hfgsf/L lj=;+= @)$* sf] hgu0fgfn] lbPsf] 5 . o;kl5sf w]/} jStf ePsf ltgj6f efiffx¿ klg ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/s} x'g\ . !@=# k|ltztn] af]Ng] d}lynL, &=%# k|ltztn] af]Ng] ef]hk'/L / %=*^ k|ltztn] af]Ng], yf¿, efiff ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/s} x'g\ . o; kl/jf/sf] cjwL efiffsf jStfx¿ klg pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ .

       jstf;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] bf];|f] 7'nf] efiff kl/jf/ lrlgofF ltAatL kl/jf/ xf] . o; kl/jf/sf tfdfª, g]jf/ / du/ efiff kfFrf}, 5}6f}F / ;ftf}F :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] %=!(, #=^# / #=#( k|ltztn] qmdz M tL efiff af]Nb5g\ . cfUg]nL kl/jf/sf] w]/} jStf ePsf] efiff ;tf/ ;Gyfn xf] / o;sf jStf )=!*Ü ePsf] efiff emfFu8÷wfFu8 xf] h;sf jStf )=!#Ü dfq 5g\ . s';'G8fsf )=! k|ltzt eGbf klg tn 5 . g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ !) eGbf jStf ePsf efiffx¿df hf]ª\vf, ssL, l5Gtfª, lehf], gfufdL, Nxf]dL, cf;fdL / ;fwgL kb{5g\ h;sf jStf qmdzM (,(,*,*,^,$,#,# dfq 5g\ .

@= efiffx¿sf] cj:yf

       g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO ltgsf] kl/jf/, jStf;ª\Vof, sf]z / Jofs/0f lgdf{0f, eflifs cWoog, ;~rf/df k|of]u ;ª3 ;+:yf cflbsf b[li6n] lgDgfg';f/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .

       g]kfndf af]lng] ljleGg kl/jf/sf efiffx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} lrlgofF ltAatL kl/jf/leq kb{5g\ . oxfFsf ^) eGbf a9L efiffx¿ o;} kl/jf/leq kb{5g\ . tfdfª, g]kfn/, du/, afGtjf, u'?ª, lnDa', z]kf{, rflDnª, ;'g'jf/, yfdL, s'n'ª, lwdfn, sf]o", /fhL cflb o;} kl/jf/sfsf efiff x'g\ . oxfF af]lng] efiffx¿sf] csf]{ 7'nf] kl/jf/ ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/ xf] . o; kl/jf/df sl/a #) j6f efiffx¿ kb{5g\ . g]kfnL, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf?, cjwL, alHhsf, /fhj+zL, bg'jf/, dfemL, cª\lusf, b/}, s'dfn, af]6] cflb o;} kl/jf/sf x'g\ . cfUg]nL / b|lj8]nL kl/jf/sf b'O{ b'O{ j6f dfq efiffx¿ 5g\. ;Gyfn . ;tf/ / vl8of cfUg]nL kl/jf/sf efiffx'g\ eg] emfFup . wfFup / ls;fg b|la8]nL kl/jf/sf efiff x'g\ . s';'G8f efiffsf] kl/jf/sf] /fd|f] 6'ª\uf] eO ;s]sf] 5}g tfklg klg o;;Fu ;DalGwt kl/jf/sf] oxL Ps dfq efiff xf] eGg] efiffljb\x¿xf] dt 5 .

!=# ;tf/ eflifs cWoog

       efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] kl/rfg Pj+ dfgs n]vgsf b[li6n] g]kfnL, d}yLn], ef]hk'/L, cjwL g]jf/, lnDa", yf?, tfdfª, du/, u'?ª, jfGtjf, z]kf{, vfd / rflDnªdf ePsf sfd dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} yfsfnL, x\of]Ndf], lwdfn, n]Krf, r]kfª, y'n'ª yfdL, pDa'n], lh/]n, af]6], bg'jf/, b/} b'/f, gfl5l/ª, ;fªkfª, b'dL, k'df, sf]o", cf7k/], s'dfn, l5Gtfª, a]Nxf/], b'ªdfnL, sfut], sOs], Nxf]dL, Gxf/km", s';'G8f, e'h]n, 5GTofn, xfo", a/fd", nf]xf]?ª, d]jfxfª, /fhj+zL, kx/L, Aof;L, aflxª, d]r], /fp6], b/} cflbdf klg eflifs cWoog ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnL efiffsf l;FhfnL, 8f]6\ofnL, a}t8]nL, e]/L If]qLo, sf7df8f}F pkTosfnL, kj{tL, aemfªL cflb e]bx¿af/] klg eflifs cWoog ePsf] kfOG5 .

!=$ Jofs/0f Pjd\ zAbsf k|sfzg

       g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffx¿df Jofs/0f Pjd\ zAbsf]z k|sfzg ePsf 5g\ / sltkodf zAbfjnLsf] ;ª\sngsf] sfo{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL, g]jf/, tfdfª, yf?, du/, afGtjf, lnDa" z]kf{, u'?ª cflbdf g]kfnaf6 Jofs/0fsf lstfax¿ k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5g\ eg] g]knL, g]jf/L, cjwL, lnDa", n]Krf, u'?ª, vfd÷kfª, ysfnL, x\of]Ndf], lh/]n cflb efiffsf zAbsf]z k|sflzt 5g\ . o;/L g} yf?, jfGtjf, z]kf{, rflDnª, r]kfª, ;'g'jf/, bg'jf/, s';'G8f cflb efiffsf zAbfjnL k|sflzt 5g\ .  

!=% ljsf; ;flxTosf

       ljleGg efiffx¿df Jofs/0f / sf]zx¿ Pj+ zAbfjnL k|sfzgaf/] o;cl3 g} rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 eg] ;flxlTos k|szgx¿ klg b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfsf k':ts Pj+ kqklqsfx¿ k|sfzgsf b[li6n] g]kfnL g]jf/, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, tfdfª, cjwL y¿, lnDa", du/, u'?ª, z]kf{ rflDnª, afGtjf cflb efiff pNn]vgLo 5g\

!=^ z}lIfs dfWod

       g]kfnsf efiffx¿dWo] g]kfnL, d}lynL / g]kfnefiffdf g]kfnleq :gftsf]Q/ Pjd\ ljBfjfl/lw txsf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] 5 . ef]hk'/L, tfdfª, cjwL, lnDa" / z]kf{ efiffdf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq txsf] cWoog–cWofkgsf] sfd lq=lj=df k|f/De x'g .

!=& ;~rf/ dfWod

       g]kfnsf efiffx¿ dWo] g]kfnL, g]kfn efiff, d}lynL, z]kf{, vfd÷kfª,l nDa", afGtjf, yf¿, tfdfª, ef]hk'/L, cjwL, u'?ª / du/df s]Gb|Lo jf If]qLo ¿kdf yfn]sf] 5 . k|fylds txdf dft[efiffdf k7gkf7gsf nflu g]kfnefif, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, cjwL, yf¿, zf]kf{, tfdfª, u'?ª, du/, lnDa", jfGtjf / rflDnªdf kf7\oqmd Pj+ kf7\o k':st tof/ eO{ k7gkf7g cf/De ul/Psf] 5 eg] ef]hk'/L, cjwL / g]kfn efiffdf dfWolds txsf] kf7\oqmd Pj+ kf7\ok':ts tof/ eO{ k7gkf7gsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . o;/L g} pb"{ / ltAatL efiffdf klg dfWolds :t/sf] k7gkf7g x'g yfn]sf] 5 . /]l8of] k|;f/0f ul/G5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;+:s[t, cª\u|]hL / lxGbLn] klg /]l8of] k|;f/0fdf :yfg kfPsf 5g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosf / b]zsf ljleGg efudf v'n]sf Pkm=Pd= k|;f/0fx¿df klg :yfgLo efiffdf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} 6]lnlehgdf klg g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL, g]kfnLefiff, g]kfnL ;fÍ]lts efiffsf ;fy} ljleGg efiffdf s]xL ;fdu|L k|;f/0f ePsf] kfOG5 .

!=* efiff / eflifs ljs;df ;+nUg ;ª\3–;+:yf

       g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] ljsf;df ljleGg ;ª\3–;+:yfx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ . g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg, cflbjf;L hghflt /fli6«o pTyfg k|lti7fg, g]kfn efifflj1fg ;dfh, efifflj1fg s]Gb|Lo ljefu, ljZjljBfnosf ljleGg efiffsf s]Gb|Lo ljefux¿, dbg k'/:sf/ u'7L, g]kfn hghflt d  xf;ª\3 / ljleGg hflt;F; ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿ g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] ljsf;df ;+nUg 5g\ .

@= eljiodf x'g' kg]{ sfd

@=! eflifs ;j]{If0f

       g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] ;j]{If0f cTofjZos 5 . o;tkm{ sfdsf] k|f/De klg eO ;s]sf] 5 . To;af6 eflifs kl/jf/, eflifs ljz]itf, eflifs If]q cflbsf] :ki6tf;lxt ;dalGwt efiffsf] jf:tljs l:ylt :ki6 x'g]5 . s'g} klg efiffsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf lglDt eflifs ;j]{If0f Hofb} dxTjsf] s'/f xf] .

@=@ eflifs cWoog

       eflifs cWo]otfx¿sf lglDt g]kfn rfvnfUbf] ynf] xf] . ko{6sx¿ cfslif{t ug]{ g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, ;f+:s[lts ljlzi6tf, snfTds ;Dkbf cflbem}F eflifs ljljwtf klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . eljiodf eflifs If]qsf gjLg l;4fGtx¿ af]s]/ cg]s ljåfgx¿ oxfF cfpg] qmddf j[l4 x'g]5g\ / To;sf lglDt ljz]if Jo:yf ck]lIft 5 .

@=# eflifs ;+/If0f

     g]kfnsf s}og\ efiffx¿ ;Í6u|:t 5g\ / eflifs d[To'sf nIf0fx¿n] ltgnfO{ ufFh]sf 5g\ . ljsl;t elgPsf efiffx¿n] ;d]t cfkm\gf] vfFrf] 6fg{ sltko s'/fx¿sf lglDt ljb]zL efiffx¿lt/ cf;] b[li6 nufO /x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf sd ljsl;t Pjd\ c;'/lIft efiffx¿df vt/f b]vkg'{ :jfefljs 5 . ctM dfgjsf ljlzi6 pknlAwsf ¿kdf /x]sf xfd|f eflifs ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf /fHo, r]tgzLn ju{, efiffljb\ Pj+ ;DalGwt efiffefifLsf] ljz]if rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ cTofjZos 5 .

@=$ dfgsLs/0f

       Pp6} efiffsf ljleGg eflifsfx¿ /x]sf] l:yltdf dfgs efiffsf] rogsf] sfd klg eljion] k"/f u'g{ kg]{5 . o;/L g} ljlegg efiffx¿sf] j0f{dfnfsf] kl/rfg / dfgs n]vgsf] ;'lglZrttf klg cfjZos 5 . g]kfnL, g]kfn efiff / d}lynL h:tf ck]Iffs[t ljsl;t efiffx¿s} dfgsLs/0fsf] sfd /fd|/L x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cGo efiffx¿sf] l:ylt emg\ zf]rgLo x'g' ;fdfGo s'/f xf] .

@=% juL{s[t ;"rL / cj;/

       /fHon] x/]s efiffsf] e"ldsfnfO{ dxTj lbO{ juL{s[t ;"rL lgdf{0f ub'{ kb{5 . eflifs If]q, jQmf;ª\Vof, k|sfo{ cflbsf cfwf/df aGg] o:tf] ;"rLn] x/s] efiffsf] jf:tljs l:ylt :ki6 kfg]{ 5 / cj;/ tyf ljsf;sf lglDt 7f];f cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ 5 .

@=^ z}lIfs / ;~rf/ dfWoddf ljleGg efiffsf] k|of]u

       jt{dfg cj:yfdf pRr lzIffdf ;Lldt efiffn] dfq :yfg kfPsfdf eljiodf w]/} efiffx¿ ;f] :yfgdf k'Ug]5g\ . To;sf lglDt /fHosf ;fy} ljleGg efiffefifL / ;ª\3;+:yfsf] ;lqmotfdf j[l4 x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;sf ;fy} dft[efiffsf ljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfnsf lglDt klg ljz]if k|oTgsf] vfFrf] 5 . dft[efiffsf ljBfnox¿ ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf sltko eflifsfx¿nfO{ klg dxTj lbg' kg]{5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf klg ltgsf jQmfx¿sf lglDt :t/Lo g]kfnL af]wuDo gePsfn] ltgdf klg dft[efiffsf ljBfnox¿ cfjZos x'g ;S5g\ .

@=& jfª\dosf] ljsf;

       ljleGg efiffsf] jfª\dosf] ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if k|oTg x'g]5g\ . zAbsf]z, Jofs/0f, u|Gy, klqsf cflbsf k|sfzgsf lglDt ljleGg efiffefifLx¿ tF5f8d5f8 ug]{5g\ . cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf efiffsf lglDt /fHo / ;r]t ju{sf] a9L Wofgfsif{0f x'g]5 . ljsl;t efiffx¿sf] klg sfo{If]qcg';f/ cg]s k|sf/sf zAbsf]zx¿, kl/eflifs zAbsf]zx¿ / cGo k|sfzgx¿df Jofkstf cfpg]5 .

@=* ;femf ;Dks{ efiffsf] ljsf;

       ;femf ;Dks{ efiffsf ¿kdf ljleGg efiffx¿sf] If]qLo:t/df ljsf; x'g;St5 eg] /fli6«o ¿kdf ljleGg efiff–eflifsfsf jQmfx¿aLr ;Dks{;"qsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ efiffn] klg ljleGg efiffsf zAbe08f/ cflbaf6 ;femf ljz]iftf a6'Nb} hfg]5 . ;femf ;Dks{ efiff s'g} ht jf ;Dk|bfoljz]ifsf] dfq efiff geO{ l;ª\uf] g]kfnsf] / ;d:t g]kfnLx¿sf] efiff x'g]5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfnL efiffn] /fli6«o ¿kdf ;Dks{ efiffsf] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / t/fO{sf d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, cjwL, yf¿ cflb tyf kxf8sf, g]jf/ tfdfª, du/, u'?ª, z]kf{, /fO{, lnDa" cflb Pj+ 8f]6L–s0ff{nL k|b]zsf l;FhfnL, 8f]6\ofnL, a}t8]nL, aemfªL, e/LIf]qLo cflbsf ;Dk"0f{ jQmfx¿aLr k/Dk/ ;Dks{ / ljrf/–cfbfgk|bfgsf] sfddf of]ubfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] ;Dks{ efiffsf ¿kdf o;n] cem a9L ;femf ljz]iftfx¿ cfkm"df ;dflxt ub}{ hf'gkg]{5 .

@=( ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff ljsf;

       ljleGg /fHox¿df ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf lglDt :yfgLo efiffx¿ klg k|of]u x'g]5g\ eg] g]kfnLsf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf klg /lx/xg]5 . g]kfnsf ljeGg efiffx¿af6 zlQm a6'Nb} o:tf efiffx¿n] cfkm\gf] k|of]hgsf If]qnfO{ Jofks t'NofpFb} hfg]5g\ .

@=!) efiff;DaGwL k|1f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf

       g]kfn ;fgf] d'n's eP klg w]/} efiffx¿sf] d'n's xf] . ljleGg efiffx¿sf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf lglDt efiff;DaGwL cnu} k|1fk|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ckl/xfo{ 5 . ljutsf] k|1f k|lti7fgdf efiff;flxTo ljefucGtu{t ;flxTosf t'ngfdf efiffnfO{ sd :yfg lbOPsf] u'gf;f] Jofks ¿kdf p7\g] u/]sf] 5 eg] ;a} efiffx¿sf lglDt Pp6f dfq pkljefuaf6 ul/Psf] sfd xfQLsf] d'vdf hL/f x'g uPsf] 5 . ctM ljleGg ljwfsf k|1fk|lti7fgx¿ :yfkgf x'g] rrf{ rln/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf efiff;DaGwL k|1fk|lti7fgn] k|fyldstf kfpg' Hofb} ;fGbfle{s ;d;fdlos x'g]5 .

#= lgisif{

       ax'eflifs g]kfnsf] ljz]iftf xf] . ;+;f/sf cGo b]zsf JolQmx¿ xfd|f] eflifs ;DkGgtf b]v]/ nf]leG5g\ . lxdfnL If]qdf af]lng] zLif{efiffb]lv gbLlsgf/fdf af]lng] /fhL, dfemL, af]6] cflbdfq geO{ hËnhËn rxfb}{ lxF8\g] s';'G8f, /fp6] cflbsf efiffx¿ oxfF k|rlnt 5g\ . cToGt k|frLg snf–;+:s[ltnfO{ hf]ufpg] cflbsf efiffx¿ klg oxL 5g\ . oL ljleGg efiffx¿sf] l:ylt x]/L n]vgk/Dk/fsf] ljsf;, j0f{klxrfg, dfgsLs/0f, jfª\dosf] ljsf;, k|of]hgsf] lj:tf/, cWoog–cg';Gwfg, k|sfzg, k|rf/k;f/ cflbdf Jofkstf Nofpg cfjZos 5 . xfd|f oL ljlzi6 ;DklQ xfd|} clulNt/ d[To'sf d'vdf gk'u"g\ eGg]af/] xfdL cToGt uDeL/ x'g'kb{5 . o;/L g} s;}nfO{ sfvf / s;}nfO{ kfvf ug]{ ljutsf] tLtf] cg'ejaf6 lzIff lbO{ eflifs cfGbf]nsf dd{x¿nfo{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{kb{5 / ;a} efiffx¿k|ltsf] pbf/ b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy k/:k/sf] ;b\efj / cfbfgk|bfgdf eflifs ljsf;sf] pHofnf] vf]Hg'kb{5 .

;Gbe{–;du|L

       cd[t of]Ghg, æg]kfnsf /fli6«o efiffx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt/ efiffljsf; of]hgfÆ -g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgdf k|:t't ck|sflzt sfo{kq_, @)^@ .

hLj]Gb|b]j lu/L, æg]kfnsf efiffx¿, k|1fkg, !$M##, @)^# .

of]u]Gb|k|;fb ofbj / dfs{ 6'l/g, æOlG8lhg; Nofª\Uj]h]h\ ckm g]kfnM P lqml6sn PgfnfOl;; ckm b lnª\u'Ol:6s l;r'o;g PG8 sG6]Dkf]//L O;'hÆ -cflbjf;L hghflt /fli6«o pTyfg k|lti7fgåf/f cfof]lht uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq_< @)^@ .

efiffsf] kl/efiff

     ;fwf/0f cy{df …efiffÚ eGgfn] cleJolQmsf] dfWod eGg] a'lemG5 . o; cg';f/ dfG5], kz'kIfL cflbsf] af]nL, ljleGg k|sf/sf ;ª\s]t cyjf O;f/f klg efiff 7flgg ;S5g\ . To;}n] t dfG5]x¿ …kz'sf] efiffÚ, cfFvfsf] efiffÚ h:tf kbfjnL k|of]u ul/ /x]sf x'G5g\  t/ efj lj1fgdf eg] efiffsf] cfˆg} kl/efiff 5 . o;sf] ;DaGw …efif\Ú wft';Fu / …JoQm jf0fLÚ ;Fu 5 . To; JoQm jf0fLn] c¿ s;}sf] geP/ dfG5]s} af]nLnfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 . …efiffÚ s] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] kl/ro lbg nfdf] ;dob]lv af}l4s s;/t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf k"j{ / klZrd b'j}lt/sf ljåfg\x¿n] o;nfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL kl/efif oxfF k|:t't 5g\ M–

kt~hln—ædflg;sf pRrf/0f–cjojaf6 lg:sg] dfgjLo cleJolQm g} efif xf] .Æ

Anfs / 6«ofu/—æ;fdflhs ;d"xn] h]sf ;xfotfn] k/:k/ ;xof]u u5{ ToxL ofb[lR5s jfSok|tLssf] Joj:yf efiff xf] .Æ

;lk/—æ:jlR5s ¿kdf lgM;[t ljrf/ ;+j]u / OR5fnfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ ljz'4 dfgjLo ljlwnfO{ g} efiff elgG5 .Æ

efifftŒjsf lglZrt ;d'rjoaf6 lgld{t tyf lglZrt ndfOsf jfSox¿ -;dfks jf c;dfks_ sf] Ps ;d'Rro efiff xf]—gf]d rlD:s efiff JoSt Wjlglrx\gx¿sf] To; k4ltnfO{ elgG5 h;sf dfWodaf6 dflg;n] ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] ;b:o / ;f+:s[lts ;xefuLsf ¿kdf k/:k/ Jojxf/ u5{—OG;fOSnf]k]l8of la|6flgsf .

cfrfo{ b]j]Gb| gfy zdf{—æpRrl/t Wjlg ;ª\s]tx¿sf ;xfotfaf6 ul/g] ljrf/ jf efjsf] k"0f{ cleJolQm g} efiff xf] .Æ

r"8fdl0f aGw'—æefiff ofb[lR5s jfs\ k|tLsx¿sf] Tof] Joj:Yf xf] h;sf ;xfotfn] ;dfhsf JolQm ;~rf/ u5{g\ .Æ

       dfly lbOPsf kl/efiffx¿ efiffsf] lrgf/L u/fpg ;Ifd 5g\ . ltgnfO{ s]nfP/ jf:tljstfnfO{ klxNofpg ;lsG5 . efiff dfgjLo cleJolQm xf] eGg] s'/f ljleGg kl/efiffdf cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] dfgjLo cleJolQm afx]s c¿nfO{ efiff dfGg ;lsFb}g eGg] s'/f 5n{ª\u} 5 . dflg;sf pRrf/0f–cjoaf6 g} To;sf pRrf/0f ul/g] s'/f klg ToxfF tf]lsPsf] 5 . pRrf/0f–cjojx¿ d'v;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] r'6\sL ahfPsf jf cGo Wjlg efiff;Fu ufFl;g ;St}gg\ .

       pko'{Qm kl/efiffx¿n] efiffnfO{ Pp6f Joj:yf 7x¥ofPsf 5g\ . s'g} klg Joj:yf lgoddf c8]sf] x'G5 . efiffsf Wjlg, zAb, jfSo cy{ cflb klg ;'lglZrt lgoddf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . lgodnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ lalQs} xfd|f] cfzo k|s6 x'g ;St}g . Pp6f lgod vhdlhg] cj:yfn] l;ª\uf] Joj:yfnfO{ etfe'ª kfl/ lbG5 . g]kfnL jfSodf stf{, sd{ / lqmofkb qmdzM cfpg] Joj:yf 5 . To;nfO{ vnaNofpg] k|oTg ul/of] eg] cy{sf] cgy{ x'g hfG5 . æc;n ljBfyL{ /fd|/L k9\5Æ sf 7fpFdf æk7\5 ljBfyL{ c;n /fd|/LÆ ul/of] eg] slt cgy{ x'G5 < o;/L g} …/]l8of]Ú nfO{ …jf]/]8LÚ ug{ ;lsFb}g eg] …a}sf]7]Ú nfO{ b]v]/ ug{ klg ldNb}g . o;/L g} ªro, e'n'?, nck, h'h'h', ???, pcf]c h:tf k|of]uaf6 s]xL cy{ lgl:sFb}g lsgls logdf Joj:yf 5}g . efiffsf] cfˆgf] lgoda4tf jf Joj:yf x'g] eP/ g} o;f] ePsf] xf] .

       efiff ofblR5s x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg kl/efiffx¿df plNnvt 5 . o;f] eGgfsf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] jfs\k|Ltsn] a'emfpg] cy{ / k|tLssf lar s'g} ;xhft ;DaGw x'Fb}g . n]Vg] j:t'nfO{ xfdLn] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf …sndÚ eGb} cfPsfn] clxn] klg ToxL cy{df o; zAbnfO{ rnfPsf 5f}F . To;sf 7fpFdf csf]{ jfSk|tLs rNb} cfPsf] eP klg xfdLn] To;nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf l:jsfg]{ lyof}F . o;} sf/0fn] Pp6} j:t'nfO{ a'emfpg ;+;f/sf cnu–cnu efiffdf cnu cnu jfSk|tLs k|rlnt 5g\ . Pp6} s'/fnfO{ a'emfpg g]kfnLdf …s's'/Ú, lxGbLdf …s'QfÚ, g]jf/Ldf …lvrÚ / cª\u|]hLdf …8uÚ jfSk|tLs k|rlnt 5g\ . ofb[lR5stfn] oxL zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGwdf x'g] :j]lR5stfnfO{ a'emfpF5 .

       efiff js\k|tLs xf] . kl/efiffdf of] s'/f klg p7]sf] 5 . …jfs\Ú n] af]Ng] s'/fnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 eg] …k|tLsÚ n] h] s'/f a'emfpg vf]h]sf] xf] To;sf] lrXg eGg] a'emfPsf] 5 . xfdLn] …gbLÚ zAb pRrf/0f ubf{ jf:tljs …gbLÚ w]/} 6f9f x'G5 t/ To;sf] lrq lbdfudf plqG5 . >f]tfn] klg ;f] zAb ;'Gg] lalQs} …gbLÚ sf] cfs[lt sNkgf ul/ xfN5 . To;}n] efiffdf k|of]u u/g] …gbLÚ jf:tljs xf]Og / k|tLs dfq xf] . o:t}o:tf w]/} k|tLssf dfWodaf6 jStf / >f]tfn] ljleGg j:t', 36gf, sfd, ljrf/ cflbsf af/]df ljrf/sf] ljlgod u5{g\ / Ps csf{sf dg;fo klg a'‰b5g\ . To;}n] lsta, dfG5], af6f], v]n, p8fO, ;'tfO h:tf zAb ;'Gg] lalQs} cy{ a'lemG5 / tL jfSk|tLs sxnfpF5g\ t/ ltgsf p;'u], ª/n', pl;df], rcf]P h:tf k|of]uaf6 s]xL cy{ lgl:sFb}g / tL jfSok|tLs x'g t d'vaf6 pRrf/0f x'g'sf ;fy} cy{ klg lgSsg' k5{ .

       efiff ;dfhdf k|of]u ul/g] tyf To;n] ;~rf/sf] sfd ug]{ s'/flt/ klg kl/efiffx¿n] xfd|f] Wofgfsif{0f u/]sf 5g\ . dfG5]n] efiffsf] k|flKt klg ;dfhaf6 u5{ / To;sf] pkof]u klg ToxLF u5{ eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . ;dfh gx'g] xf] eg] dfG5]n] efiff k|of]u ug{ ;St}g / Tof] nf]k x'g klg ;St5 . ctM efiffnfO{ hf]ufpg] / hLjGt /fVg] sfd ;dfhsf] g} xf] .

       oL afx]s efiff ;bf kl/jt{gzLn x'g] / ck7\of/f]af6 ;lhnf], hl6naf6 ;/n clg nfdf]af6 5f]6f] af6f]lt/ ultzLn eO /xg] s'/f klg pNn]vgLo 5 . oL ljleGg ljz]iftfn] o'Qm ePsf] efiff ;fFRrL dfjgsf] cd"No ;DklQ xf] . o;sf] ;b'kof]uåf/f dfG5]n] cfh cfˆg] 1fg lj1fgsf] 9's'6L eb}{ ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;u/dfyf 5f]O /x]sf] 5 .

dft[efiff l;sfOsf] dxŒj

!= k|f/De

       efiff ;sfOdf dft[ efiffsf] ljz]if dxŒj 5 . afn aflnsfn] cfdfsf vfvdf l;Sg] efiff g} dft[efiff xf] -clwsf/L, @)$^, k[=#(_ . o;} efiffdf pgLx¿sf] eflifs lqmofsnfk :jfefljs ¿kdf ;'? x'G5 . oxL efiffsf Wjlg, zAb, jfSo cflbnfO{ ;'g]/ afn aflnsfn] ltgnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{5g\ . pgLx¿sf] vfn dl:tisdf ltgsf pRrf/0f, zAb ;+/rgf, jfSo9fFrf cflbn] 7fpF lnG5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cleJolQm Ifdtf o;}df k|:km'l6t / ljsl;t x'G5 o;d} pgLx¿sf] sNkgf / 1fgsf] af6f] v'Nb5 . cGo efiffsf] cfh{gdf klg dft[efiff g} cfwf/ aGb5 . To;}n] afn aflnsfsf] hLjgdf dft[efiffn] ljz]if dxŒj /fVt5 / :jo{ eflifs hLjg klg afn aflnsfn] To;nfO{ af]N5g\ ls af]Nb}gg\ eGg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt /xG5 . oxL kl/k|]Iodf afn aflnsfsf / dft[efiffsf] ;DaGw Pj+ To;sf] dxŒjnfO{ x]g]{ r]i6f oxfF ul/Psf] 5 .

@=dft[efiff l;sfOdf afn aflnsf

       afn aflnsfn] cfˆgf 3/, ljBfno / ;dfhdf cfˆgf] dft[efiffsf] k|of]u u5{g\ . ToxL kl/j]zaf6 pgLx¿n] eflifs 1fg a6'N5g\ . To;}n] afn aflnsfn] dft[efiff k|of]u ug]{ b[li6n] tL kl/j]zsf] ljz]if dxŒj /x]sf] 5 .

@=! 3/df dft[efiff l;sfO

       3/nfO{ afn aflnsfn] klxnf] kf7zfnf dflgG5 / oxLF g} ltgn] ;j{ k|yd cfˆgf] dft[efiff klg l;St5g\ . cfdf afa' Pj+ kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿sf] :g]xdo jftfj/0fdf pgLx¿n] ;f] ;f] cj;/ /fVt} / c¿sf k|of]uaf6 l;St} pgLx¿n] eflifs 1fg k|fKt u5{g\ . ljleGg k|of]u / uNtLsf lar gofF gofF zAb / jfSo pTkfbg ub}{ pgLx¿ lg/Gt/ cl3 a9\5g\ . o; qmddf cg's/0fsf cg]s z[ª\vnf klg  ltgn] kf/ u5{g\ . dft[efiffk|]dL kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] o; r/0fdf ;'?lrk"0f{ lsl;dn] pgLx¿sf lbdfudf dft[efiffsf cg]s ;'Gb/ afGsLx¿  el/ lbg ;S5g\ . dft[efiffeGbf c¿ efiffk|Lt df]x /fvg]x¿n] eg] afn aflnsfsf slnnf dl:tisdf k/fO{ efiffsf] 5fk yf]kg]{ uNtL u5{g\ . o;sf] kmn :j¿k afn aflnsfn] …cfdfafafÚ 5f8]/ …8\of8LdDdLÚ nfO{ cfˆgf 7fGg] e'n u5{g\ . afNosfndf k/]sf] 5fk cToGt k|efjzfnL x'g] ePsfn] afn aflnsf / dft[efiffsf] uf9f ;DaGw ufF:g] s'/fdf dft[efiff k|]dLx¿ r'Sg' x'Fb}g . afn aflnsfnfO{ dft[efiffaf6 6f9f /fv]/ eflifs ljs;fsf] s'/f ug'{ lj8Dagfk"0f{ Pj+ xf:of:kb x'g hfG5 . b'Mvsf] s'/f 5 clxn] klg sltko cfdfafa'x¿ cfˆgf afn aflnsfnfO{ dft[efiffk|lt cfslif{t ug'{eGbf cGo k|ltli7t efiffsf kl5 nufpgd} ue{ ub{5g\ / /fHon] klg dft[efiffk|lt df]x hufpg] vfnsf] ;'ljwf eflifs ;d'bfox¿nfO{ k|bfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . xfd|f lglDt of] lrGtf / rf;f]sf] ljifo aGg' k5{ .

@=@ ljBfnodf dft[efiff l;sfO

       dft[efiffdf  lzIff kfPdf afn aflnsfn] cfˆgf] df}lns Pj+ l;h{gfTds k|ltefsf] oy]i6 pkof]u ug{ ;St5g\ . csf{sf] efiff hlt;'s} ;DkGg eP klg To;df cfˆgf dgsf ;d:t s'/f kf]Vg ufx}| k5{ . dft[efiffk|ltsf] pk]Iffn] ubf{ xfd|f ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;h{g Ifdtf af]wf], sdhf]/ / lg/Lx aGg k'Ub5 . csf{sf] efiffdf hlt;'s} k|of; u/] klg k"0f{tM bvn hdfpg g;lsg] / dft[efiffdf pTs[i6tfsf nflu sf]l;;} gul/g] l:yltn] ubf{ cleJolQm Ifdtf sdhf]/ eof] eg] eiff ;flxTodfq geO{ Oltxf;, e"uf]n, cy{zf:q, /fhgLlt zf:q, sfg'g, Joj:yfkg cflb jfª\dosf s'g} klg If]qsf s'/f t l7s;Fu cleJoQm x'g ;S5g\ g t ;Dk|]lift g} . jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnLdf ;sL g;sL cª\u|]hLdf s]xL jfSo /6\g] / To;} cfwf/df d"nofÍg ul/g] kl/kf6L Jofks ¿kdf a9]sf] 5 . slnnf lzz'x¿n] emf]nfel/ cª\u|]hL lstfa af]s]/ emsf]{ nfUbf] lzIff lng] clg cfˆgf] df}lnstf / l;h{gzLntf u'dfpg] u/]sf] sxfnLk"0f{ l:ylt xfd|f clulNt/ u'lh|Fb} 5 . o;sf] b[ikl/0ffd ef]Uo ;dfh ljjz 5 tfklg ;'wf/sf kfOnf rfNg eg] ;ls /x]sf] 5}g . dft[efiffsf] ce"tk"j{ cleJolQm Ifdtfsf] k|of]u ubf{ub} b]jsf]6f h:tf ljåfg\ t zAb gkfP/ /GylgPsf lyP eg] dft[efiffnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ jt{dfg k':tfsf] xfnt s] xf]nf < a]n}df o;lt/ xfd|f ljBfno / gLlt lgdf{tfsf] Wofg hfg cfjZos 5 . afn aflnsfnfO{ dft[efiffdf lzIff lbP/ pgLx¿sf] l;h{gzLn Ifdtfsf] clwsflws ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsg] ;r]ttf xfdLn] cFufNg} k5{ . k/fO{ efiffnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf / dft[efiffnfO{ bf];|f] k|fyldstfdf /fVg] k|rngnfO{ pN6\ofOPg eg] afn aflnsfsf] k|ltef t s'li7t x'G5 g} dft[efiffsf] ljsf;df klg cj/f]w pTkGg x'G5 .

#= ;dfhdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u

       afn aflnsfn] 3/ / ljBfnosf ;fy} ;dfhaf6 klg w]/} s'/f l;St5g\ . pgLx¿ 5/l5d]s rxf5{g\ / d]nf, pT;j, e]nf, ;df/f]x, gfrufg, v]ns'b cflbsf cj;/df k6s k6s cfˆgf bf}Ft/L / cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ e]6\5g\ . ;dfhn] dft[efiffk|lt ddtf /fv]sf] 5 eg] pgLx¿ klg To;d} s'/f u5{g\, To;d} xfF;f]7§f u5{g\ / To;d} gfrufg u5{g\, cGoyf k/fO{sf] gSsn u5{g, p;s} ufgf ufpF5g\ / p;}k|lt elQm b;f{pF5g\ . dft[efiffn] :jfledfgsf] lz/ prfN5 eg] k/fO{sf] elQmn] bf;tf lgDTofpF5 . cfˆgf] cd"No eflifs ;DkbfnfO{ nTofpg] / c¿sf] bf;tfnfO{ l:jsfg]{ k|j[lQ cfnf]Ro Pj+ TofHo 5 . csf{sf] efiffdf gSsnL gv/f kfg'{eGbf cfˆgf efiffdf ;xh, :jfefljs / ;/; af]nL af]Ng' w]/} pQd 5 . gv/fn] ufnL lgDTofpF5 eg] ;/;tfn] :ofaf;L . To;}n] t elgG5–oxL d'vn] ufnL kfOG5, oxL d'vn] tfnL kfOG5 . afn aflnsfnfO{ tfnL jf :ofaf;L kfpg] af6flt/ 8f]¥ofpg' ;dfhsf] st{Jo xf] . tfnL jf :ofaf;L kfpg] ;'Gb/ cleJolQm dft[efiffdf hlt ;Dej c¿ efiffdf x'g ufx|} knf{ . cGo efiffsf] 1fgsf] cfˆgf 7fpFdf a]Un} dxŒj eP klg To;sf lgldQ dft[efiffnfO{ nTofpg]n] g/fd|f];Fu uf]tf vfg] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 .

#= ;flxToaf6 dft[efiff l;sfO

       afn aflnsfx¿ ;/n / lgZ5n x'G5g\ . ;flxTosf /l;nf cleJolQmk|Lt pgLx¿sf] cfsif{0f /xG5 . dft[efiffsf nf]s ;flxlTos kf7x¿ ;'Gbf pgLx¿ v'a} bª\ª k5{g\ . xh'/ cfdf–xh'/ afn] cFu]gfsf l8ndf a;]/ ;'gfPsf nf]ssyfx¿ ;'Gg pgLx¿ v'a} rfv b]vfpF5g\ . afn uLt, ufpFvfg] syf, afn gf6s cflbdf klg pgLx¿ v'a] ?lr lnG5g\ . dft[efiffdf afn ;flxlTos v'/fsx¿ k|bfg u/]/ afn?lrnfO{ dft[efifflt/ tfGg] k|oTgx¿ k|z+;gLo 5g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf cg]s efiffeflifsf 5g\/ afn af]s ;flxTosf ljljw afGsLx¿ ltgdf ljBdfg 5 . ltgsf] zf]wvf]h / lnlvt afn ;flxTosf] ljsf; oltv]/ cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnL / g]kfn efiff afx]s cGo efiffdf cem} afn klqsf b]vf kg{ g;s]sf] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg l:yltdf afn ;flxTosf] /;f:jfbg ug{af6 cg]s dft[efifL afn aflnsf jl~rt 5g\ . afn aflnsfdf dft[efiffk|ltsf] dfof ddtf hufpg afn ;flxTon] v]Ng] ljlzi6 e"ldsfsf] x]Ssf xfdLn] /fVg] kb{5 .

$= dft[efiff l;sfOaf6 eflifs ;+/If0f

       s'g} klg efiffsf] cfo' To;sf dft[efifL afn aflnsf;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . s'g} efiff af]Ng] afn aflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 eg] ;f] efiffsf] cfo' nfdf] x'G5 t/ ;f] ;ª\Vof Go"g j 36\tf] qmddf 5 eg] Tof] efiff d[To'sf] d'vlt/ ws]lnFb} 5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 . o; ljifodf ljåfg yf]d;n] k|:t't u/]sf wf/0ffx¿ cToGt ;fGbfle{s 5g\ . -kfog], ;g\ !((&, k[=!^_ . pgL s] eG5g\ eg] olb s'g} efiffnfO{ cfˆg} dft[efiffsf ¿kdf l;Sg] ba jif{d'lgsf afn aflnsf 5Fb} 5}gg\ jf cToGt sd 5g\ eg] ;aeGbf sfG5] pd]/sf] dft[efifLsf] pd]/ -^)–&) jif{_ leq} ;f] efiff ;dfKt x'G5 . pgs} cg';f/, clnslt klg bz jif{d'glsf afn aflnsfn] Ps eflifs ¿kdf s'g} efiff af]N5g\ / k/:k/ ;Dks{df /xG5g\ eg] csf]{ k':tf;Dd ;f] efiff ;g{ ;S5 . clg w]/} afn aflnsfn] Ps eflifs ¿kdf s'g} efiff l;s /x]sf 5g\ / To;}df cfjZos cfly{s lqmofsnfk -lsga]r Pj+ cTofjZos ;fdu|Lsf] ljt/0f cflb_ klg hf/L /fv]sf 5g\ eg] t ;f] efiffsf] ;dflKt l56} x'Fb} x'Fb}g, To;sf] cl:tTj lglZrt ¿kdf /lx /xG5 .

       pko'{Qm egfOaf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] s'g} klg efiffnfO{ hf]ufpg afn aflnsfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . pgLx¿n] h] af]n'g\ eg]/ dft[efiffsf] pk]Iff ug'{ dft[efiffsf] d[To'nfO{ lgDTofpg' xf] . dft[efifL afn aflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] efiffaf6 ljd'v x'g glbg' g} eflifs cfo' nDAofpg] dxŒjk"0f{ pkfo xf] .

%= pk;+xf/

       g]kfnnfO{ eflifs ;ª\u|xnosf] ;+1f lbFb} cfOPsf] 5 . oxfF sl/a Ps;o efiff Pj+ ltgsf ljljw e]b pke]b k|rlnt /x]sfn] ;f] egfOdf s'g} cltzof]lQm 5}g . dfG5]sf oL ljlzi6 cfh{g xfd|f cd"No ;DklQ t x'Fb} x'g\, ljZjs} klg dxŒk"0f{ ;Dkbf x'g\ . lognfO{ hf]ufpg 3/, ljBfno, ;dfh, af}l4s ju{ / /fHosf] ;r]ttf cTofjZos 5 . dft[efiffdf ljBfnosf] k7gkf7g ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fn] dxŒj kfPdf afn aflnsfx¿ cfˆg} eifffdf /dfP/ s'/fsfgL Pj+ cWoog ug]{5g\ / pgLx¿sf] efiffn] klg hLljt /xg] cj;/ kfpg] 5 . cfw'lgs ljBfnox¿n] klg xfd|f cfˆgf efiffnfO{ klxnf] / k/fO{ efiffnfO{ bf];|f] k|fyldstf /fv]/ cWoog cWofkg u/]df afn aflnsfsf] sNkgf, l;h{gf / lrGtgdf df}lnstfsf ;fy dft[efiffsf] ljsf;df 7f]; of]ubfg k'Ug] 5 . dft[efiffnfO{ dfof ug]{ hf]sf]xLn] klg To;sf ;+/If0fdf afn aflnssf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] s'/fnfO{ la;{g' x'Fb}g . afn aflnsf x's{g]{, v]Ng], k9\g] / ljljw ultljlw ug]{ kl/j]znfO{ dft[efiffdo agfP/} eflifs d[To'af6 efiffnfO{ hf]ufpg ;lsg] s'/fdf s'g} låljwf 5}g . afn aflnsf / dft[efiffsf] 3lgi7tf g6'6f];\ egL rf/ cfFvf rf/ sfg ug'{ xfdL ;a}s]f lhDd]jf/L xf] .

efiff=lj1fgsf] j}1flgstf

     efiff lj1fgnfO{  o;sf] j}1flgstfsf cfwf/df g} efifflj1fg elgPsf] xf] . efiff lj1fgsf] ;f]emf] cy{ efiffsf] lj1fg cyf{t\ efiffsf] ljlzi6 1fg xf] . -zdf{, !((% M!&^_ . Tof] ljlzi6 1fg eg]sf] efiffsf] lj1fg ;Ddt 1fg xf] . ;f] 1fg g s'g} b}jL l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 g t s'g} xjfO{ sNkgfdf g} . a? Tof] t efiffsf] tYok"0f{, j:t'ut, k|fdfl0s / ;:ki6 cWoogdf c8]sf] 5 . efiffsf] ;f]xL Jojl:yt / ;Dos\ cWoog g} efiff lj1fgsf ¿kdf ;'kl/rt 5 .

       cfw'lgs 1fgsf cg]s zfvfx¿dWo] lj1fgdf bl/Psf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ zfvf efiff lj1fg cjZod]j xf] t k"0f{ ¿kdf lj1fg eg] of] xf]Og -låj]bL, !(*^ M!%_ . ef}lts zf:q, /;fog zf:q, hLjzf:q, ul0ft cflbeGbf efiff lj1fg cln leGg 5 . oL z'4 lj1fgdf h:tf] zfZjtf / ;fj{sflnstf efiff lj1fgdf /xFb}g . efiff lj1fgsf lgod / lgisif{ vf; efiff / vf; ;do;Fu ;Da4 x'G5g\ . To;}n] ljleGg sfn / kl/l:yltdf efiff lj1fgsf ljisif{ / lgodx¿df cGt/ kb{5 . efiff lj1fgsf sltko lgodx¿df ckjfb / ljsNkx¿ /xG5g\ . To;f] eP efiff lj1fg s:tf] k|sf/sf] lj1fg xf] t eGg] k|Zg p7\g' :jfefljs 5 . cfhsf] o'un] ljleGg ckjfbx¿ kfOg] / sltko ;}4flGts sygx¿ ;xL glglSsg] /fhgLlt zf:q, ;dfh zf:q cflbnfO{ klg lj1fg dfg]sf] 5 . ltgdf klg ;fj{lqstf / zfZjttfsf] cefj /xG5 . o; l:yltdf efiff lj1fgnfO{ lj1fg dflgg' ;fdfGo s'/f xf] . efiff lj1fgn] s}og\ l:yltdf z'4 lj1fgsf lgodx¿nfO{ klg cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu efiff pRrf/0f / >j0f k|lqmof, ;~rf/ k|0ffnL, pRrf/0f cjoj / ltgsf] ;lqmotf h:tf s'/f ef}lts lj1fg / z/L/ /rgf lj1fg;Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ . olt dfq geO{ z/L/ lj1fg, ljls/0f lrlsT;f lj1fg, ljB'b0f' lj1fg, lrlsT;f lj1fg, WjflgsL / sDKo'6/ lj1fg;Fu Wjlg lj1fgsf] ;fOgf] ulxl/Fb} uPsf] s'/f kf]v/]n -@)%& M!%_ n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . efiff lj1fgn] efiff ;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf cltl/St efiffsf] JolSt, ;dfh, ;+:s[lts, e"uf]n, Oltxf; / ljleGg ljifo If]q;Fusf] ;DaGwaf/] klg cWoog ub{5 . To;}n] efiff lj1fgnfO{ cToGt ljsl;t k|0ffnLsf] ;fdflhs lj1fgsf] ;+1f lbFb} efiff lj1fg;Fu hf]l8Psf] …lj1fgÚ zAbsf ljifodf zÍ ug]{ 7fpF g/x]sf] s'/f aGw' -@)%# M#!_ n] k|:6 kf/]sf 5g\ .

       lj1fgsf] ¿kdf efiff lj1fgsf] :yfkgf / k|lti7fsf 7f]; cfwf/x¿ 5g\ . efiff lj1fgsf If]qdf eflifs cWoogsf lglDt ljleGg l;4fGt / k4ltx¿ ljsf; ul/Psf 5g\ . ltgsf cfwf/df efiffsf] cWoognfO{ lj1fg ;Ddt t'NofO{sf] 5 . To;}n] cGo ljifsf] j}1flgsn] em}F efiffljb\n] klg j}1flgs cfwf/df efiffsf cWoog ub{5 .

       s'g} klg j}1flgs cWoogdf ljifo j:t'sf] :ki6tfsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . efiff lj1fgsf] cWoogsf] ljifo j:t' :ki6 5 . To;df s'g} låljwf jf w/d/ 5}g . efiff g} efiff lj1fgsf] cWoogsf] ljifo xf] . vf; u/]/ k|fs[lts efiffsf] cWoog efiff lj1fgn] ub{5 . -ofbj / /]UdL, @)%* M#$_ k|fs[lts efiff eGgfn] ;dfhdf k|rlnt g]kfnL, ;+:s[t, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf¿, tfdfª, g]jf/, du/, cjwL, afGtjf, u'?ª, lnDa", /fhj+zL, ;]kf{, lxGbL, pb"{, aª\ufnL, cª\u|]hL, :k]gL, ?;L, lrlgofF, hfkfgL cflb efiffx¿sf ;fy} Oltxf;sf] ue{df ljnfO ;s]sf] eP klg k[YjLdf s'g} a]nf af]Ng] ul/Psf ef/f]k]nL, lx§]nL, tf]vf/]nL cflb  efiffx¿ a'lemG5g\ . eflifs cWoogsf qmddf eflifs Joj:Yfleqsf Wjlg, j0f{, ¿k, zAb, zAbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo / ;Íyg cWoogsf ljifo j:t' aGb5g\ . efiff eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] s'/fb]lv o;sf ljleGg cª\u pkfËx¿sf] ;jf{ËL0f cWoog efiff lj1fgd ul/G5 . efiff lj1fgn] ;'lglZrt k4lt cg'¿k efiffsf] j0f{gfTds, P]ltxfl;s / t'ngfTds cWoog ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} ;dfh, e"uf]n dgf]lj1fg / cGo ljleGg k|fof]lus If]qaf6 efiffdf k/]sf] k|efjsf] cWoog klg efiff lj1fgdf ul/G5 .

       efiff lj1fgn] efiffsf] Jojl:yt / qmda4 cWoog ub{5 . o; qmddf j}1flgs cWoog ljlw cg';f/ ljifo j:t'sf] rog, To; k|ltsf] k|fSsnkgf jf k"j{syg, ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / ;ª\slnt ;fdfu|Lsf] cWoog Pjd\ ljZn]if0f qmda4 ¿kdf ;DkGg ul/G5g\ . cWoogdf cfjZos kg]{ cfw'lgs oGqx¿sf] k|of]u klg ;fdu|L ;ª\sng / ljZn]if0fsf qmddf ul/G5 . To;tf oGqx¿df s07 jLIf0f oGq jf :jf/oGqbzL{ -Larynroscope_, :k]S6«fn]vL -Spectrograph_, n/ª\un]vL -Kymograph_, jflUj:tf/s oGq -Speech stetcher_, Kofn]6f]u|fkm -Palatograph_, cf];f]nf]u|fkm, ldËf]u|fkm -Mongograph_, qmf]df]u|fkm -Chromogrph_, sDKo'6/ -Computer_, 6]k /]s8{/ -Tape Recorder_ cflb kb{5g\ . cTofw'lgs k|of]u zfnfsf] k|of]u ub}{ tYox¿sf] cjcf]nsg, k/LIf0f / ;"Id lg/LIf0fåf/f lgisif{ lgsflng] sfd klg sltko cWoogdf ul/G5 . ;fdu|L ;ª\sngsf lglDt cFuflng] If]qLo cWog k4ltsf ;fy} ljZn]if0fsf lglDt ljsf; ul/Psf j0f{gfTds, t'ngfTds cflb ljlwx¿n] klg j}1flgs cfwf/nfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

       j}1flgs cWoogsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] cfwf/ sfo{ sf/0f efjsf] lgTotf cyf{t\ s'g} vf; sf/0fn] ubf{ vf; sfo{ cjZo x'G5 eGg] xf] -zdf{, !((% M !&^_ . efiffsf] cWoogdf s] sf/0fn] s'g} s'/f 3l6t eof] eGg] jf:tljstf :ki6 x'G5 . …cÚ j0f{ lsg :j/ eof] / …s\Ú j0f{ lsg Jo~hg eof] eGg] s'/fsf] pQ/ ;lhn} lbg ;lsG5 . …cÚ j0f{sf] pRrf/0fdf kmf]S;f]af6 lg:s]sf] ;f; lgaf{w ¿kdf d'vaf6 aflxl/g] ePsfn] ;f] j0f{ :j/ sxnfpF5 eg] …s\Ú sf] pRrf/0fdf ;f;sf] k|jfxdf afwf pTkGg ePsfn] To;nfO{ Jo~hg elgG5 h:tf pQ/df sfo{ sf/0f ;DaGw :ki6 5 . o;/L g} cª\u|]hL / g]kfnL efiff Pp6} kl/jf/sf s;/L eP eGg] s'/fsf] sf/0f rflxof] eg] ;xht zAbx¿sf] ;"rL k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5, h:t}–ljbf] -cª\_ / ljwjf -g]._, kmfb/ -cª\_ / lktf -g]=_, db/ -cª\=_ / dftf -g]=_, XofGb -cª\=_ / xft -g]=_, yL -cª\=_ / ltg -g]=_ cflb . h] xf];\ efiff lj1fgsf l;4fGtx¿ sfo{ sf/0f ;DaGwdf cfa4 5g\ / j}1flgs cWoogsf ¿kdf efiffnfO{ pEofpg] of] Ps dxŒk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] .

       cf]emf] / lu/L -@)%^ M ^_ n] eflifs cWoogsf] j:t'uttfnfO{ j}1flgstfsf] Ps ;zSt cfwf/ dfg]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf s'g} klg j}1flgs cWoog j:t'ut x'G5 / efiff lj1fgn] klg o; oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] efiff j}1flgs cWoog cd"t{tf, c:ki6tf / /x;ofTdstfaf6 cnu /xG5 . efjTds jf efj's cleJolSt xf]Og ls 7f]; Pj+ oyfy{k/s ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df o;n] ;TotYo klxNofpg] sfd ub{5 . eflifs cWoog lgisif{x¿n] j}1flgs lgodsf] ¿k wf/0f ub{5g\ . lgodx¿sf] k|of]u / k/LIf0f x'G5 / ltgsf] v08g d08g Pj+ kl/isf/ x'g ;St5 . lu|d, eg{/ u|f;dgn] hd{g]nL efiffsf cWoogsf cfwf/df agfPsf Wjlg kl/jt{gsf lgodx¿ ;+;f/ k|l;4 5g\ . lu|d cfkm}n] cfˆgf] lgodsf cg]s ckjfb km]nf kf/] / gofF tYo km]nf kg]{ lalQs} cfˆgf] k"j{ wf/0ffnfO{ kl/isf/ u/] eg] eg{/ / u|f;dgn] lu|dsf] lgodsf sdhf]/L vf]tNb} tYosf cfwf/df gofF–gofF lgodx¿ agfP .

       efiffljb\ cf/=Pr= /ljG;n] lj1fgsf ltg l;4fGt ;jf{ËL0ftf, / nf3j efiff lj1fgdf klg nfu' x'g] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ / efiff cfˆgf k|sfo{ / sygdf log}åf/f lgb]{lzt /xg]af/] k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf efiff lj1fgn] efiffsf ;jf{ËL0f jf ;du| kxn'sf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . o;n] k"j{jtL{ l;4fGtx¿sf] ;fdf~h:odf g} goff l;4fGtnfO{ cFufNb5 . o;sf ;fy} cWoogsf ljisif{ jf lgodx¿nfO{ nf3j ljlwdf ;"qa4 ug]{ sfd klg o;leq ul/G5 . ef}lts lj1fgdf H₂0= kfgL= ul0ftdf -a+b_² cflb /flvP em}F efiffdf klg jfSoÖgfk±lqmk h:tf 5f]6f] egfO jf ;"qx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

       eflifs cWoogsf] j}1flgstfn] ubf{ g} …efiffzf:qÚ -Philology_ zAbsf] k|of]u sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 / To;sf] :yfg qmdzM …efiff lj1fgÚ -Linguistics_ n] lnPsf] kfOG5 . oltv]/ eflifs hut\df …efiff lj1fgÚ zAb Jofks ¿kdf k|rlnt 5 . cfhsf] ljZjdf lbgfg'lbg eO /x]sf] 1fgsf] lj:kmf]6 / gjLg k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] lj1fg;Fu o;sf] gftf cem} uf9f x'g] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|L

cf]emf, /fdgfy / dw';"bg lu/L, -@)%^_, efiff lj1fg, sf7df8f} M jfª\do k|sfzg u[x .

lu/L, hLj]Gb|b]j, -@)^#_, efiff lj1fg, efiff / eflifsf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S; .

låj]bL, slknb]j, -O{=!(*^_, efiff lj1fg / efiff zf:q, låtLo;+:s/0f, jf/f0f;L M ljZjljBfno             k|sfzg .

3n, uf]nf]s laxf/L, -O{=!(*$_, Wjlg lj1fg låtLo ;+:s/0f, k6gf M laxf/ lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL              .

kf]v/]n, dfwj k|;fb, -@)%&_, Wjlg lj1fg / g]kfnL efiffsf] Wjlg kl/ro, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn               /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .

aGw', r"8fdl0f, -@)#%_, efiff lj1fg, ;ftf}F ;+:s/0f, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .

ofbj, of]u]Gb| k|;fb / eLd gf/fo0f /]UdL, -@)%*_, efiff lj1fg, sf7df8f}F M Go' lx/f                   a'S;OG6/k|fOh]h .

zdf{, b]j]Gb|gfy, -!((%_, efiff lj1fg sL e"ldsf -cfj[lQ_, gO{ lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg .

n]vg k4ltsf] pb\ej / ljsf;

!= kl/ro

       n]vg k4lt eg]sf] n]Vg] ul/sf xf] . o;nfO{ lnlk eGg] ul/G5 . o;n] efiffnfO{ :yfloTj k|bfg ub{5 / b[ZofTds t'NofpF5 . :yfg / ;dosf] b"/tfsf sf/0f af]lng] efiff g lglZrt ;LdfeGbf 6f9f;Dd ;'gg ;lsG5 g t eflisf k':tfnfO{ g} x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . jStfsf d'vaf6 lg:s]sf] s]xL l5gd} Tof] ;dfKt x'g hfG5. n]vg k4ltsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ To;/L efiffnfO{ ljnLg x'g'af6 o;n] hf]ufPsf] kfOG5 . o;s} kmn:j¿k cfh s}og\ k|frLg efiffsf ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw x'g ;s]sf 5g\ / s'g}k lg efiff ;+;f/sf] Ps s'gfaf6 csf]{ s'gfdf k'Ug ;Dej ePsf] 5 . jflrt efiffsf sltko ljz]iftfnfO{ To;n] hf]ufpg g;s] klg n]Vo ¿kdf hf]ufpg ;lsg] s}og\ ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ :yfgfGt/0f / ;dofGt/0f ub}{ xfd|f cfFvfn] b]Vg ;Sg] t'NofPsf] 5 . To;}n] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;df n]vg k4lt Ps dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw x'g uPsf] 5 . dfG5]n] o'uf}Fo'usf efj, ljrf/, sfd, 1fg cflbnfO{ ;~ro ug]{ ultnf] cfwf/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . o; qmddf p;n] sDtLdf klg @)))) jif{ clu ukmdf leQ] lrq sf]/]sf] kmn -O=!((^ M(_ tyf–O=k"= $))) otf lnlksf] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] s'/f pNn]Vo 5 . oxL n]vg k4ltsf] hGd s;/L eof] / s] s:tf r/0fx¿ kf/ ub}{ cfhsf] l:yltdf Tof] cfOk'Uof] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg] k|oTg oxfF ul/Psf] 5 .

@=pb\ej

       n]vg k4lt jf lnlksf] pQklQaf/] d"ntM b'O{ j6f ljrf/ k|rlnt 5g\ . klxnf] ljrf/ b}jL l;4fGt;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o; ljrf/sf cg'ofoLx¿ eujfg\nfO{ lnlksf] hGdbftf dfGb5g\ . pgLx¿ ef/tdf a|XdL lnlk a|Xdfn] agfPsf] 7fGb5g\ eg] ld>df yfy jf cfOl;; b]jtfnfO{ lnlksf pTklQ stf{ dfGb5g\ . o;/L g} a]lnnf]lnofnLx¿ g]af]nfO{, k|frLg ox'bLx¿ d';fnfO{, o'gfgLx¿ xd]{;, k|ldy;, cfˆo'{;, lngf]h cflb kf}/fl0fs kfqx¿nfO{ lnlksf ;[li6stf{sf ¿kdf lnG5g\ . of] dt cfhsf] ljZjdf ljZj;gLo / ts{ ;Ddt 7xl/Fb}g . cGwljZjf;, c1fgtf / ¿l9sf sf/0f h;/L cGo s'/fsf ;Gbe{df b}jL pTklQsf] l;4fGt cdfGo x'g uPsf] 5 To;/L g} lnlksf ;Gbe{df klg c:jLsfo{ x'g uPsf] 5 . To;}n] dfG5]n] cfˆgf] cfjZostf k'/f ug]{ qmddf lnlknfO{ hGdfPsf] xf] / ;'?df ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu lrqx¿ sf]b}{ clg qmdzM To;nfO{ efj cleJolStsf lglDt ;Ifd t'Nofpg] ;Gbe{df ljslt ub]{ nu]s]f xf] eGg] bf];|f] dt g} j}1flgs, tfls{s / ljZj;gLo aGg uPsf] 5 . To;}n] ltjf/L -O=!(() M$^!_ dg'ion] cfˆgf] cfjZostf cg';f/ lnlknfO{ :jo+ hGd lbPsf] tYonfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{5g\ eg] zdf{ / a/fn -@)%@ M!@(_ oxL ljsf;jfbL dtnfO{ u|fXo 7fGb5g\ .

#= ljsf;

       lnlksf ljsf;sf ljleGg cj:yf 5g\ . lnlksf] ljsf; x'g'clu dfG5]x¿ u'kmfsf leQfdf lrqx¿ sf]y]{ . To:tf lrqx¿ lnlk lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zon] geO{ cGo ljleGg cle?lr / cfjZostfsf sf/0f sf]l/Gy] . ;'Gb/tfsf nflu u'kmfsf leQfdf hLjhGt', jg:klt cflbsf lrqx¿ agfOGy], k|s[ltsf cg]s 36gfsf] /x:o ga'em]sf] cj:yfdf /x:odo zlSt jf O{Zj/sf] sNkgf u/]/ cfs[ltx¿ agfOGy] / hfb', 6'gf, tGqdGq cflbsf nflu /]vfx¿ nflu /]vfx¿ sf]l/Gy] . o;/L g} cfˆgf j:t'x¿ lrGgsf nflu df6fsf efF8f / cGo ;fdu|Ldf lrXgx¿ cª\lst u/Gy] . oL s'/fx¿ lrqsnf;Fu ;DalGwt eP klg lnlksf] ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ aGg k'u] . o;/L g} 8f]/Ldf ufF7fx¿, kf/]/, 8f]/LnfO{ ljleGg /ª\udf /ª\ufP/, ltgnfO{ nfdf5f]6f kf/]/, ltgdf /ª/ªsf df]tL, 3'FuL, d'uf cflb em'G8\ofP/, 8f]/Ldf /ª\uLlj/ª\uL wfuf] afFw]/ cg]s s'/fx¿sf] :d/0f ug]{, efj JoSt ug]{, uGtL /fVg] cflb h:tf sfdx¿ ul/Gy] . o;nfO{ ;"qlnlk klg eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|tLsfTds ¿kdf klg efj JoSt ug]{ k|rng k|frLg ;dfhdf kfOG5 . ljjfxsf] lgDtfdf ;'kf/L jf a];f/sf] 6'qmf afFl8g', d/]sf] va/ lbg] lr7Lsf] aflx/ wftf] /fVg', k|]d k|s6 ug{ o'jfo'jtLn] kftleq r'/fsf 6'qmf cflb /fVg' o:t} k|tLsfTds k|of]u x'g\ . clxn] klg o'4df ;]tf] emG8f b]vfpg'n] zflGtsf] ;Gb]z lbG5 eg] b'O{ xft p7fpg'n] cfTd;dk{0fsf] . ;8s lsgf/fdf /flvPsf /ftf, kx]Fnf / gLnfF aQLsf] cf–cfˆg} cy{ 5 . o;df lnlk;Fu ufF:t} k|tLsfTds lnlksf ¿kdf klg rrf{ ul/Psf] e]l6G5 . oL k|f/lDes r/0fsf sfdx¿sf] efjfleJolStdf e"ldsf /x] klg eflifs lnlksf ¿kdf lognfO{ ld;fpg pko'St g/x]sf] ljrf/ k|s6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] lnlk eGgfn] ljz]if ¿kdf snd, lsnf] jf o:t} s'g} lrhn] sfut, 9'ª\uf, sf7, wft' cflb j:t'df sf]l/Psf s'g} ;dfhdf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|rlnt lrXgx¿nfO{ dfq lng ;lsG5 -aGw', @)%# M!(#_, eGg] egfO plrt / ts{k"0f{ 5 . o; cfwf/df n]vg k4ltsf] ljsf;sf qmddf lgDglnlvt lnlkx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ M

#=! lrqlnlk

       lrqn] snfTdstfsf lglDt geO{ eflifs lrXgsf ¿kdf sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 lrqlnlksf] k|f/De x'g uof] . o; qmddf s]xL lrqx¿ k|ltlglwd"ns ¿kdf Ps} k|sf/n] Pp6} s'/f a'emfpg ;a}af6 k|of]u x'g yfn] . h:t}, …;"o{Úsf lglDt, …kxf8Ú sf lglDt , kfgLsf lglDt , cflb . o;/L g} dfG5]sf z/L/sf cª\u, k|f0fL / c¿ j:t'x¿ h] h:tf 5g\ To:t} lrq agfP/ ltgnfO{ a'emfOGYof] . 9'ª\uf, xf8, sf7, l;ª, xfQLsf bfFt, df6fsf efF8f, hgfj/sf 5fnf, ¿vsf af]qmf cflbdf logsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . logdf ¿vsf / hgfj/sf 5fnf sd l6sfp lyP . k|mfG;, :k]g, lqm6, d];f]kf]6fldof, o'gfg, ld;|, O6nL, Soflnkmf]lg{of, ;fOa]l/of, pha]ls:tfg, k't{ufn, a]nfot, c:6]«lnof, lrg, ef/t cflb ljZjsf cg]s b]zdf lrqlnlksf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .

       O=k"= $))) b]lv k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] So'lgkmd{ -jf0ffIf/, sLnfIf/, sf]0ffIf/_ lnlksf] ljsf; lrqlnlkaf6 g} ePsf] dflgG5 . Tolt j]n}b]lv rngrNtLdf /x]sf] xfO/f]UnfOlks -u"9If/, kljqfIf/, aLhfIf/_ lnlk klg k|f/Dedf lrq lnlks} ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] eg] lqm6 lnlk klg O=k"= #))) b]lv O=k"=!&)) ;Dd lrqfTds g} lyof] -låj]bL, O=!(*^ M%@#_ . O=$))) b]lvsf] dflgg] l;Gw'3fF6L lnlk / O=k"= @))) lt/sf] dflgPsf] lx§]nL lnlkdf klg ljleGg lrqfTds lrXgx¿ pknAw 5g\ . lrlgofF lnlk t clxn] klg lrqfTds lnlksf s}og\ ljz]iftfn] o'St 5Fb} 5 .

       lrq lnlk af]wuDotfsf b[li6n] ;'af]w / ;/n x'g' :jfefljs 5 . s'g} j:t' jf k|f0fLsf] lrq ;a}lt/ k|foM p:t} x'g] ePsfn] ltg;Fu kl/lrt h;n] klg o;nfO{ a'em\g ;St5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o lnlk klg elgG5 . o;nfO{ gcYof{P klg t'?Gt a'em\g ;lsG5 / a'emfpgsf nflu l;sfpg jf lzIf0f ul/ /xg kb}{g . oL s]xL ;'ljwf eP klg o; lnlk;Fu ;DalGwt cg]s ;d:of klg 5g\ . o;df x/]s j:t'sf lglDt cnu–cnu lrq agfpg' kg]{, lrqsf] ;ª\Vof w]/} x'g] / To;n] a9L 7fpF cf]u6\g] emGem6 x'G5 . km]l/ ;a}n] lrq agfpg hfGg] snfTds l;k klg x'Fb}g . lrqaf6 JolStjfrs ;+1f, cd"t{ efj jf ljrf/nfO{ a'emfpg klg sl7g kb{5 . …dfG5]Ú nfO{ a'emfpg lrqaf6 hlt ;lhnf] 5 ;Ltf, /fwf, lji0f', xl/ h:tf JolSt / bof, dfof, 3[0ff cflb efj a'emfpg ;lhnf] 5}g . o:t} k|sf/n] sfn / :yfg;Fu lrqnfO{ ;Da4 t'Nofpg klg c;Dej 5 . log} ljleGg sl7ggfOn] ubf{ ;do qmddf lrqlnlk efjlnlkdf ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 .

#=@ efjlnlk

       lrqlnlkkl5 efjlnlksf] ljsf;  eof] . lrqlnlkdf /x]sf ljljwtf x6fO{ Ps¿ktf Nofpg] sfd qmlds ¿kdf x'g yfNof] . l56f] / ;xh ¿kdf n]Vg ;/nLs/0fsf] klg cfjZostf kg{ uof] . ctM sd kl/>ddf ;fgf] cfsf/df ;/n lrq agfO{ efj, ljrf/ jf sfo{ a'emfpg] ;ª\s]tx¿ lrqsf 7fpFdf k|of]u x'g yfn] . h:t}M ;"o{sf lglDt , kxf8sf lglDt , kfgLsf lglDt , / 3/sf lglDt cflb . o;/L g} dfG5] a'emfpgsf nflu k|of]u u/] k'Ug] eof] . oL ;ª\s]tx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f dfq ul/Pg, ltgdf ;Da4 cGo cy{ klg ylkof] . h:t} n] ;"o{ dfq ga'emfO{ udL{, lbg, k|sfz, cflb klg a'empg yfNof] . ;'d]l/ofnL, a]lnnf]lgofnL, cl:;/]nL, sl:;t]nL, lx§]nL / ldtfg]nLx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf jf0ffIf/ -Cuneiform_ / ld;|]nLx¿n] dlGb/sf leQfdf vf]k]/ agfPs kljqfIf/ -Hieroglaph_ klg efj lnlk;Fu g} ;DalGwt 5g\ . ltgsf ¿k / cy{sf lar ofb[lR5s ;DaGw g} ljBdfg 5 . lrlgofF lnlksf cg]s zAbx¿ klg clxn] efj lnlksf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ b'O6f ;ª\s]t ldnfP/ efjlnlkdf efj JoSt ul/Psf klg cg]s pbfx/0f e]l6G5g\ . b'Mv JoSt ug{nfO{ cfFvfaf6 cfF;' em/]sf] -h:t} M _ h:tf lrqdf cfFvf / cfF;'sf b'O{ ;ª\s]t ldnfOPsf 5g\ . ltjf/L -O=!(() M$^&_ n] pQ/L cd]l/sfsf Ps /]8 OlG8og ;/bf/n] ;+o'St /fi6« cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«kltnfO{ efjlnlkdf n]v]sf] kq k|:t't u/L To;sf] /f]rs JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .  

       lrq kx]nL n]vg -Rebus Writing_ nfO{ klg efj lnlk;Fu ufF;]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f k|ljli6sf] vf; pRrf/0fsf lglDt k|of]u ePsf] ;ª\s]t s'g} klg zAbdf pRrf/0f x'Fbf k|of]u ul/g' g} lrq kx]nL n]vg xf] . h:t} M sf] pRrf/0f s'g} efiffdf …8'ª\ufÚ a'emfpg …afÚ pRrf/0f ul/G5 eg] …lktfÚ sf lglDt …afafÚ pRrf/0f ul/Fbf n]lvg' g} lrq kx]nL n]vg xf] . -o'n, !((^ M!@_

       efj lnlknfO{ lrq lnlkeGbf ljsl;t / pGgt n]vgsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 tfklg cg]s sl7gfOaf6 of] klg u|:t 5 . lrqsf] ;/ntf / Pp6} ;ª\s]taf6 c¿ yk cy{ lng ;lsg' o;sf ;sf/fTds kIf x'g\ t/ ;ª\s]txªsf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vof, s'g ;ª\s]tn] s] cy{ lbG5 eGg] s'/f ;lDem/xg' kg]{ c;lhnf] clg ;"Id cleJolSt ug]{ g;lsg] l:ylt o;sf sdhf]/ kIf x'\ . lrlgofF lrqfTds lnlklrXgx¿n] af]lng] WjlgeGbf zAbsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ / To:tf lnlklrXg ofb ug{ kg]{ sl7gfOn] ubf{ ;f] efiff l;Sg ufx|f] kg]{ u/]sf] s'/f Wofg lbg nfos 5 . ToxfF ;f] efiffsf] cfwf/e"t 1fgsf nflu dfq Go"gtd @))) lrXgsf] hfgsf/L pTkGg ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg Wjlg lnlkaf6 x'g uof] .

#=# Wjlg lnlk

       n]vg k4ltsf] ljsf; qmddf dfgjåf/f cflh{t Wjlglnlk ;jf]{Qd pknlAw xf] . lrq lnlk / efj lnlkkl5 n]vg k4ltsf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf] o; k4fltn] lrq / efjsf lglDt geO{ Wjlgsf lglDt n]Vo cleJolSt ;Dej eof] . ljZjsf ;fd]nL, c/aL, lu|;]nL -o'gfgL_, Nofl6g -/f]dg_, v/f]i7L, a|fXdL / ltgj6f ljsl;t kmf]g]l;og, cf/fdfOs, lxa|', b]j gfu/L cflb cg]s lnlkx¿ Wjlglnlksf ¿kdf rlr{t 5g\ . Wjlg lnlksf b'O{ j6f e]bsf ¿kdf cfIfl/s lnlk / jfl0f{s lnlknfO{ lng] ul/Psf] 5 .

#=#=! cfIfl/s lnlk

       cfIfl/s lnlk cIf/nfO{ JoSt ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df x/]s :j/ / Jo~hgnfO{ a'emfpg] a]Unfa]Un} lrXg geP klg cIf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ WjlglrXgx¿ /xG5g\ . cIf/nfO{ a'emfpg] qmddf hfkfgLdf cnu cnu lrXgsf] k|of]u ul/g] s'/f zdf{ / a/fn -@)%@ M!#!_ n] pNn]v u/sf 5g\ . ToxfF …dflg;Ú nfO{ a'emfpg] b'O{ cR5]/] …lxtf]Ú zAbsf lglDt tl b'O{ cnu cnu cIf/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . s;}s;}n] b]jgfu/L lnlknfO{ klg cfIfl/s lnlksf] ;+1f lbO{ …sÚ leq …s\±cÚ /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 t/ o; dtsf lj?4 b]jgfu/L jfl0f{s lnlk xf] eGg] ts{ klg ;zSt ¿kdf JoSt ePsf] 5 . -låj]bL, O= !(*^ M%@@_ . Jo~hgnfO{ s, v, u cflb n]lvP klg s\, v\, u\ cflbsf] :jtGq cl:tTj ;'/lIft /x]sf] / /f]dg lnlksf] pTs[i6tf l;4 ug{ clu ;fl/Psf] ;f] ljrf/ vl08t x'g] s'/f pgn] JoSt u/]sf 5g\ . cfheGbf sl/a ltg rf/ xhf/ jif{ klxn] kmf]g]l;og lnlk cfIfl/s lnlksf ¿kdf k|rlnt /x]sf] lyof] . r]/Lsf] efiffsf lglDt ljsl;t lnlk klg cfIfl/s lnlksf] pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 . To;df …xfÚ -Ho_, …;fÚ -Sa_ / …u]Ú -Ge_ cIf/sf lglDt H,U, I h:tf lrXgx¿ k|rlnt 5g\ . cfIfl/s lnlk xfn Tolt Jofks gb]lvP klg Oltxf;sf ljleGg sfnv08df o;sf] cl:tTj /lx cfPsf] 5 .  

#=#=@ jfl0f{s lnlk

       n]vg k4ltsf] ljsf; qddf jfl0f{s lnlk clGtd l;F9L aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;df x/s] j0f{ jf :j/÷Jo~hgsf lglDt cnu cnu n]Vo lrXgsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fd]nLaf6 kmf]g]l;og x'Fb} ljsl;t ePsf] lu|s -o'gfgL_ lnlknfO{ g} jfl0f{s lnlksf] ;'?jft ug]{ lnlk dflgFb} cfPsf] 5 . /f]dg lnlk nufot k"jL{ / klZrdL o'/f]ksf cg]s efiffx¿n] o;}df cfwfl/t /xL jfl0f{s lnlknfO{ cFufn]sf] kfOG5 . c/aL, a|fXdL, v/f]i7L cflb k|frLg lnlksf ;fy} ltgaf6 ljsl;t s'kmL, g:vL, u'Kt, s'l6n, k"j{ lnR5lj, ltAatL, gfu/L -b]j gfu/L_, l;+xnL, OG8f]g]l;ofnL, ad]{nL, / hfafnL lnlkx¿ klg jfl0f{s lnlkx¿ g} x'g\ . jfl0f{s lnlkn] ;"IdeGbf ;"Id efjnfO{ JoSt ug{ ;Sg' / :yfg Pj+ snfsf] b"/tfnfO{ ;lhn} lrg{ ;Sg' o;sf] nf]slk|otfsf] sf/0f aGof] . g]kfndf k|rlnt b]j gfu/L, cSvf, /f]dg, /f]ª, c/aL, l;l/hª\uf, lt/x'tf jf ldlynfIf/, s}yL, ltAatL jf ;fDaf]6f, /~hgf, e'lhDjM, kfr'DjM, uf]nDjfM, ltn'DjM / s'DjM lnlkx¿ klg jfl0f{s lnlkx¿ g} x'g\ . g]kfnsf clwsf+z efiffx¿n] b]j  gfu/L lnlknfO{ g} cFufn]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf cltl/St dfly plNnlvt lnlkx¿dWo] s'g}nfO{ cFufNbf klg b]j gfu/LsnfO{ j}slNks ¿kdf oxfFsf efiffn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

$=pk;+xf/ .

       lnlksf ¿kdf n]vg k4ltsf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] O=k"= $))) -So'lgkmfd{ / xfO/f]Unfkmsf] ;'?jftsf] ;do_ b]lv jt{dfg ;do;Ddsf] sl/a ^))) jif{sf] cjlwdf ;+;f/df lrqlnlk x'Fb} efjlnlk / Wjlglnlksf cg]s e]bx¿ ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . x/]s n]Vo efiffn] s'g} g s'g} lnlknfO{ cFufn]/ n]Vo dfWoddf k|:t't x'g] cj;/ To;af6 k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . sYo cj:yfdf /x]sf efiffx¿ klg s'g} Ps lnlknfO{ cfufNg]tkm{ pBt 5g\ . ot x'Fbfx'Fb} klgx/]s lnlkdf /x]sf] sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f dfG5]n] cfˆgf ;Dk"0f{ dgf]efjnfO{ lgvf/]/ JoSt ug{ ufx|f] kl/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfn] s]xL xb;Dd o; ;d:ofsf] lg/fs0f/ ug]{ k|oTg t u/]sf] 5, t/ To;sf] hl6ntfn] ubf{ ;a}sf kx'Frdf k'Ug sl7g 5 . x/]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf dfgjn] lg/Gt/ k|of; hf/L /fv]sf] 5 / eljiodf o; lbzfdf yk pknlAw x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{u|Gy ;"rL M

cfrfo{, j|t/fh -@)$*_, xfd|f] efiff, bf]=;+=, sf7df8f}F M :jod\ .

ltjf/L, ef]nfgfy -O=!(()_, efifflj1fg, !(() sf] ;+:s/0f, Onfxfjfb M lstfa dxn .

låj]bLm, slknb]j -O=!(*^_, efifflj1fg Pj+ efiffzf:q, bf]=;+= jf/f0f;L M ljZjljBfno k|sfzg .

aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)%#_, efifflj1fg, ;f=;+=, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .

ofbj, of]u]Gb|k|;fb / eLdgf/fo0f /]UdL -@)^!_, æg]kfnsf] eflifs l:yltÆ, k|1f, #% M!))< k[=&@–(% .

Yule, George (1996) The Study of Language, Second edition, Great Britain :              Cambridge Universit Press.

of]Ghg tfdfª, cd[t -@)^#_, g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] klxrfg, jt{dfg l:ylt / efiff ljsf;        of]hgf, sf7df8f}F M cflbjf;L efiff lj1fg ;dfh, g]kfn .

zdf{, df]xg/fh / s[i0fxl/ a/fn -@)%@_, efiff lj1fg / g]kfnL efiff, sf7df8f}F M gjLg                     k|sfzg .