g]kfnL j|mflGtdf hg ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf] e"ldsf

 g]kfnL j|mflGtdf hg ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf] e"ldsf

                        —k|f=8f=hLj]Gb| b]j lu/L

!=k|f/De

           g]kfnn] clxn] ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 / To;sf lglDt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf h'6]sf] 5 . g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd cfO k'Ubf o; e"efusf hgtfn] cg]s psfnL cf]/fnL tyf 3'DtLx? kf/ u/]sf 5g\ / s}og\ ptf/ r9fpx? ef]u]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf y/L y/Lsf cfGbf]ng, ;ª\3if{ / ljb|f]xx? oxfF ePsf 5g\ . tLdWo] s'g}n] zf;g ;TtfnfO{ g} pn6k'n6 ul/ lbPsf 5g\ eg] s'g}n] To:tf pn6k'n6sf/L 36gfnfO{ glhSofpg cfˆg} k|sf/n] ;3fp k'/\ofPsf 5g\ . To;}n] hgtfb\jf/f hglxtsf lglDt ul/Psf tL sfdx? s'g} g s'g} ¿kn] qmflGt;Fu ufFl;Psf 5g\ cyf{t\ g]kfnL qmflGtsf cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf g]kfnL Oltxf;df jf hgdgdf cª\lst 5g\ . o:tf qmflGtsf/L sfddf oxfFsf] hg ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngn] ljlzi6 e"ldsf k'/f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / cfufdL lbgx?df klg k'/f ul/ /xg' kg]{ 5 . o;}sf af/]df s]xL rrf{ rnfpg] hdsf]{ oxfF ul/Psf] 5 .

@= g]kfnL qmflGt

 g]kfnL qmflGtaf/] rrf{ ug'{clu qmflGt s] xf] eGg]af/] 5nkmn ug'{ pko'St x'g] 5 . o; qmddf ;j{ k|yd g]kfnL zAbsf]zx?n] o;nfO{ s;/L cYof{{{Psf 5g\ egL x]g{ ;lsG5 . kf]v/]n / cGo -@)$)M@%(_n] qmflGtnfO{ s'g} zf;g,;Ttf,l:ylt cflbsf] kl/jt{gsf lglDt x'g] hgzlStsf] k|of; jf lqmofsnfk / ljb|f]xsf ;fy} To;/L ePsf] 7'nf] kl/jt{g , pN6fkfN6L, x]/km]/ jf cbnfabnLsf ¿kdf cYof{Psf 5g\  eg] clwsf/L / e6\6/fO{ -@)^!M@)!_ n] k|rlnt zf;g Joj:yf jf :yflkt ;Ttfdf kl/jt{gsf nflu hgtfsf tkm{af6 ePsf] ljb|f]x , To:tf] ultljlw,;fdflhs pynk'yn,Jofks pn6k'n6 / cfd"n kl/jt{gsf ¿kdf qmflGtnfO{ lnPsf 5g\ . kGyL -@)%& M&)_n] …qmflGtsf/L hg ;ª\3if{ÚnfO{ cYof{pg] qmddf qmflGtaf/] klg k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\ . pgn] s] eg]sf 5g\ eg] qmflGtsf/L hg ;ª\3if{ eg]sf] Tof] ;ª\3if{ xf] h'g b]zL ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlStx?,;fd|fHojfbLx? lj:tf/jfbLx? tyf cGofo / cTofrf/sf lj?4 nlIft x'G5 . qmflGtnfO{ /fli6«o d'lSt cfGbf]ng / /fli6«o qmflGtsf ¿kdf a]UNofpFb} klxnf]nfO{ s'g} alnof] b]zn] lgwf]{ b]zdfly cyjf ;fd|fHojfbL b]zn] csf]{ sdhf]/ b]zdfly xdnf jf sAhf ubf{ To;af6 d'lSt kfpg ;a} b]zeSt / k|hftflGqs zlStx?n] ldn]/ ug]{ ;ª\3if{sf ¿kdf / bf];|f]nfO{ s'g} b]zsf] cTofrf/L zf;ssf lj?4 To; b]zsf clwsf+z hgtfn] ;+o'St df]rf{ v8f u/L ug]{  /fli6«o qmflGtsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] klg kfOG5 . -zdf{,@)$& M #$_

           qmflGtnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ qmddf 1jfnL-@)^^M@@–@#_sf] lgDg lnlvt ;6Ls egfO klg pNn]vgLo 5 M

               ljzfn / ;kmn hg cfGbf]ngnfO{ …qmflGtÚ gfds/0f ug{} g;lsg] xf]Og,t/ Ps ju{sf] xftaf6 csf]{ ju{sf] xftdf ;Ttf x:tfGt/0fsf] cy{df,k|ltufdL pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] cGTo / k|ultzLn pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] :yfkgfsf] cy{df,Pp6f ;fdflhs cfly{s ;+/rgfnfO{ csf]{ cu|ufdL cy{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] lj:yflkt ug]{ cy{df g]kfnL ;dfhdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g ;DkGg ePsf] 5}g . To;f] t qmflGt uGtJo of 36gf ljz]ifsf] gfd dfq} xf]Og,To;nfO{ k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof ;d]tsf] ;dli6nfO{ cleJoSt ug]{ kbfjnL xf] .

pko'{St cfwf/x?df x]bf{ g]kfndf jf:tljs qmflGt cem} eO g;s]sf] b]lvG5 tfklg !)$ jif{sf] /f0ff zf;gnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ lj=;+= @))& df, #) jif{sf] lg/ª\s'z k~rfot Joj:yfsf] cGTo ug{ lj=;+=@)$^÷)$& df /  ;bfsf nflu /fhtGqnfO{ labf ug{ / ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ lgDTofpg lj=;+=@)^@÷)^# df 7'n7'nf hg cfGbf]ngx? ePsf] s'/f xfdLn] cg'ej ul/ ;s]sf 5f}F . lj=;+=@))& sf] hg cfGbf]ng lbNnL ;Demf}tfdf 6'ª\luPsfn] qmflGt cw'/f] /x]sf] l6Kk0fL Jofks dfqfdf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . -k|l>t,@)%* M !!_ o;/L g} To;kl5sf hg cfGbf]ngx? klg gj pbf/jfbnfO{ cfbz{ 7fGg] a'h'{jf ;'wf/jfbL zlSt;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / Pstfdf ePsf] x'Fbf ltgn] juL{o d'lSt cfGbf]ngsf] ¿k lng g;s]sf] s'/f klg p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . 1jfnL-@)^^ M @@_  ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] hg cfGbf]ngn] xfdLnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq klg a'h'{jf u0ftGqs} ;Ldfdf cfa4 5 . cjZod]j tL hg cfGbf]ngn] ?;L / lrlgofF dxfg\ qmflGtsf] prfOnfO{ :kz{ ug{ ;St}gg\ / g]kfnsf] cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs cj:yf klg cGTo eO ;s]sf] 5}g t/ klg pko'{St hg cfGbf]ngx?sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTTj /x]sf] 5 / g]kfnL qmflGtsf ljlzi6 s8Lsf ¿kdf ltgsf] cl:tTj ljBdfg 5 . ctM tL hg cfGbf]ng;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x?nfO{ qmflGtsf/L sd{sf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . ltgdf g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qsf hg ;d"xsf]  ;xeflutf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 h;df hg ;+:s[ltsdL{x?sf] klg pNn]vgLo pkl:ylt /x]sf] s'/f s;}sf cfFvfaf6 n's]sf] 5}g . o;sf ;fy} j}rfl/s / cGo If]qsf qmflGtsf/L sfdx?df klg ;f+:s[lts If]qn] v]n]sf] e"ldsf plTts} dxTTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL qmflGtdf hg ;+:s[ltsf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg oxL kl/k]|Io / ;Ldfdf /x]/ lgofNg ;lsG5 .

#=hg ;+:s[lt

   g]kfnL qmflGtdf hg ;+:s[ltsf] e"ldsf klxNofpg hg ;+:s[ltsf ;DaGwdf klg :ki6 x'g cfjZos 5 . …;+:s[ltÚdf …hgÚzAb ufFl;P/ …hg ;+:s[ltÚ zAb lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . ctM ;+:s[ltsf] cy{ yfx ePkl5 dfq hg ;+:s[lt s] xf] eGg] s'/f 7Dofpg ;lhnf] kg'{ :jfefljs 5 . ;+:s[ltnfO{ lrgfpg] qmddf r}tGo-@)^^M!#_n] dflg;b\jf/f >d k|lqmofsf laraf6 k|s[ltdfly ljho k|fKt ub}{ pTkfbg tyf snfd"ns ultljlwx?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|lqmofdf ;+:s[ltsf] ;[li6 x'g] wf/0ff JoSt u/]sf 5g\ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ef}lts ;+:s[lt / cflTds ;+:s[ltdf ljefhg ub}{ ef}lts ;+:s[lt cGtu{t pTkfbgsf cf}hf/,k|ljlw,dfgj lgld{t b}lgs k|of]u / pkef]usf ;fdu|L cflbnfO{ lnPsf 5g\ eg] cflTds ;+:s[ltleq ljrf/, r]tgf, bz{g, g}ltstf, d"No, cfr/0f, /Lltl/afh, cf:yf,k|yf,rfnrng,snf,lj1fg cflbnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . ;+:s[lt juL{o x'G5 / hg ;+:s[ltnfO{ >dhLjL ju{sf] ;+:s[ltsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . To;}n] lu/L / kf}8]n-@)%%M#&_n] hgjfb,hgtGq,hgqmflGtdf em}F k"j{kb …hgÚsf ;fy k|rngdf cfPsf] …hg ;+:s[ltÚn] Hofnf dhb'/L u/]/ hLjLsf]kfh{g ug]{ >dhLjL hgtfsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ a'emfpg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . zdf{-@)$(M!_n] o;nfO{ lgDg lnlvt zAbx?df cem :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ M—

;+:s[lt ;DaGwL sfdx? ubf{ xfdLn] s'g sfdaf6 hgtfsf] lxt x'G5, s'g sfdaf6 lxt x'Fb}g  / s'g sfdaf6 xflg g} x'G5 egL /fd|/L ljrf/ k'/\ofpg] ug'{ k5{ . hgtfsf] lxt ug]{ ;+:s[lt g} hg ;+:s[lt xf] . o;sf] ;f/} 7'nf] dxTj x'G5 .

               hg ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|ultjfbL  ;+:s[lt;Fu ufF;]/ x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] hg lj/f]wL ;+:s[ltsf] lj/f]w / hg kIfLo ;+:s[ltsf] kIf kf]if0f ug]{ ePsfn] :jtM ;f]xL ;+:s[ltsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf of] /x]sf] 5 . hgtfsf] lxt jf kIf kf]if0f ug]{ ;+:s[lt s:tf] x'G5 eGg]af/] ljZj sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf dxfg\ g]tf  b\jon] ;+:s[lt / ;flxTosf af/]df JoSt u/]sf lgDg lnlvt cleJolStn] jf:tljstfnfO{ k|:6\ofpF5g\ M—

;+;f/df cfh ;a} ;+:s[lt,;a} ;flxTo / snf ljz]if ju{x?sf cwLgdf 5g\ / ljz]if /fhg}lts lbzflt/ xfFlsPsf 5g\ . ===;flxTo / snf ;Dk"0f{ qmflGtsf/L dl;gsf cf+lzs efu em}F o;/L hl8o'g\ ls hgtfnfO{ Ps kfg]{ tyf lzIff lbg], zq'nfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{ / gi6 kfg]{ zlStzfnL xltof/sf ¿kdf ltgnfO{ k|of]u ug{ / hgtfnfO{ Psh'6 kf/]/ zq'l;t h'Wg db\bt ug{ ;lsof];\ . -dfcf] r t'ª,O=!($@_              

  of] Pp6f :jtGq ;flxTo x'g] 5 . o;n] c3fPsL b/afl/of d}ofF ;fx]ax?sf] j0f{g ug]{ 5}g / Hofb} df]6fP/ af];f] a9\gfn] c6];d6]; ePsf dflyNnf] ju{sf bz xhf/ JolStsf] ;]jf ug]{ 5}gÙlsGt' sf]l6 sf]l6 >dhLjL hgtfsf],b]zsf oL km'nx?sf],ltgsf] zlSt / ltgs} eljiosf] ;]jf ug]{ 5 . -n]lgg,O=!(^@ M$) _

          g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf cu'jf s= k'iknfnn] gofF hgjfbL ;+:s[ltsf ljifodf lj:t[t ljj]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf egfOsf] ;f/ lvRt} pk|]tL -@)%*M#)_ n] hgjfbL ljrf/,/fli6«otf,j}1flgs dfGotf / cGt/f{li6«o e|ft[Tj efj h:tf s'/fdf ToxfF hf]8 lbOPsf] ljrf/ JoSt u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L g} k|l>t-@)%*M!^#_n] g]kfnsf] ;fdGtjfbL cw{ pklgj]zL Joj:yf / To;sf ;+:s[lt nufot ;du| kl/kf6Laf6 d'St eO{ j}1flgs,;dfhjfbf]Gd'v,hgjfbL Joj:yf / kl/kf6Lsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostflt/ hg ;f+:s[lts If]qsf]  Wofgfsif{0f u/]sf 5g\ .

                 oL ;Dk"0f{ egfOn] s] ;ª\s]t u5{g\ eg] hg ;+:s[ltsf] If]q Jofks 5 . o;n] Psflt/ hglxtsf/L tdfd ljifonfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{5 eg] csf{lt/ hgjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] ljlzi6tfnfO{ klg cFufNb5 . :ju{, gs{, kfk, k'0o, efUo, sd{, b]jL, b]jtf, af]S;L, 8fOgL, lsrsGgL, e"t, k|]t, k"j{hGd, k'gh{Gd, hfltkftL, cjtf/jfb, cGwljZjf;, ¿l9 ,bf;tf cflb ;fdGtL lrGtgsf lj?4 hg ;+:s[lt hfO nfUb5 . o;/L g} …h;/L klg sdfpm clg vfpm,lkpm / df]h u/Úsf] ;fd|fHojfbL ;+:s[ltn] lgDTofpg] 3';lk;,e|i6frf/,cg}lts lqmofsnfk,cgfrf/,rf]/L,8s}tL, ckx/0f,lkm/f}tL, xTof,anfTsf/,sfnf] ahf/L,rf]/L lgsf;L / k}7f/L,sld;gvf]/L,sfnf] wg cfh{g,b'Jo{;g, nfu' kbfy{ cf];f/k;f/ klg hg ;+:s[lt ljk/Lt s'/f x'g\ . ;ª\sL0f{tf, JolStjflbtf, s'07fu|:t / g}/fZok"0f{ hLjgsf ljk/Lt hLjgk|lt cf:yfjfg\ , eljiok|lt cfzfjfbL, Odfgbf/, st{Jok/fo0f , ;ª\3if{zLn / ;ª\ul7t dfgj lgdf{0f o;sf] pb\b]Zo xf] . ;d"x :jfy{,  ju{k|]d ,dfgjtf, ljZjaGw'Tj cflbsf u'0fn] o'St dfG5] o;n] ck]Iff ub{5 . s;}sf] klg lyrf]ldrf] hg ;+:s[ltdf c;x\o 5 Ù rfx] Tof] dfG5]n] dfG5]nfO{ ug]{ xf];\ jf s'g} b]zn] csf]{ b]zdfly ug]{ xf];\ . cf}klgj]lzs , gj cf}klgj]lzs jf cw{ cf}klgj]lzs s'g} klg k|sf/sf] x:tIf]k, cfqmd0f / HofbtLk|lt  o;n] lj/f]w k|s6 ub}{ /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf kIfdf cfafh 3GsfPsf] kfOG5 . hg ;+:s[ltsf log} ljz]iftfnfO{ cFufNb} g]kfnL qmflGtdf hg ;f+:s[lts If]qn] of]ubfg ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5  / efjL ofqfsf] dfu{ klg lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 .

$=  hg ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf] e"ldsf

             g]kfnL qmflGt hg ;+:s[ltsf] e"ldsfaf6 nfeflGjt x'g' :jfefljs  5 lsgls cw{  ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs g]kfnsf] qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{gdf ;f+:s[lts If]qsf k|efjsf/L ultljlwn] ljz]if dxTTj /fV5g\ . ltgn] oxfFsf] /fhg}lts ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf ljleGg 9ª\un] ;3fp k'/\ofPsf 5g\ . To;/L o;n] qmflGtsf/L e"ldsfsf dfWodaf6   of]ubfg u/]sf   k|d'v If]qdf  ljrf/ wf/fsf] kIfÙ hg lj/f]wL ;Ttfsf]  cGToÙ hftLo,wfld{s / eflifs   ;dfgtfÙ gf/Ld'lStsf] ;afnÙ /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf] /Iff, e|i6 ultljlwsf] lgoGq0f cflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

$=! ljrf/wf/fTds kl/jt{gdf e"ldsf

            ;fdGtL / ;fd|fHojfbL ;+:s[ltsf lj/f]wdf hg ;+:s[ltsf If]qaf6 lgs} ;fdf] ;dob]lv wfjf af]lnFb} cfPsf] 5 . hg ;+:s[ltsf kIfw/ lrGts, n]vs, snfsf/ cflbn] cfcfˆgf cleJolSt,n]vg,k|:t'lt,Jojxf/ cflbsf dfWodaf6 hgtfsf lxtdf ljrf/ k|jfx u/]sf] kfOG5 . plxn]b]lv …snf snfsf nfluÚ eGg]x?sf lj/f]wdf …snf hLjgsf nfluÚ eg]/ ul/Psf] cfGbf]ng xf]cf];\ jf clxn] pTt/ cfw'lgstfjfbsf gfpFdf hg lj/f]wL lrGtg lkmFhfpg]x?sf lj?4sf] cfGbf]ng xf]cf];\ hg ;+:s[ltsf] If]q ;xL ljrf/ af]s]/ cufl8 plePsf] 5 . cToGt rsf]{ s'/f u/]/ pu| ljrf/ k|If]k0f ug]{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ Iflt k'/\ofpg]x?sf ljrf/sf] v08gdf klg o;n] cfˆgf] Ifdtf k|bz{g u/]sf]  5 . dfS;{jfbn] b]vfPsf] hgd'lStsf] af6f]nfO{ cg';/0f ubf{ / o;nfO{ km/flsnf] kfg{ vf]Hbf s}og\ lrGts,n]vs / snfsf/sf] Hofg uPsf] 5 . To;}n] t hgslj uf]s'n hf]zLn] sljtfsf] nodf cfˆgf] qmflGtsf/L :j/ o;/L p/fn] M

                  ef]sef]s}  dg{  nfu]  slj  snfsf/

                      t8\kfP/ gdfl/ b]pm em'G8\ofP/ df/

          uf]kfn k|;fb l/dfn, x[bo rGb| l;+x k|wfg,Zofd k|;fb,s]jnk'/] ls;fg,o'4 k|;fb ld>,ejfgL l3ld/,] uf]ljGb e6\6,cfgGb b]j e6\6 ,df]bgfy k|l>t,kfl/hft,/d]z ljsn,hgs k|;fb x'dfufO{+,e"k]Gb|dfg ;j{xf/f cflbsf] r]tgzLn ;d"xn] hg ;+:s[ltsf If]qaf6 v]n]sf] ljlzi6 e"ldsfn] k|ltw'|jLo lrGtgnfO{ k5fl8 ws]Ng 7'nf] of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf uf]lfGb e66\n] …lz/Lifsf] km"n ls sfuhsf] km"n <Ú clg …ltg 3'DtL ls 5f8fjfbnfO{ :jLs[ltÚ h:tf n]vaf6 u/]sf] j}rfl/s cfqmd0f slt ;fGble{s /x\of] eGg] s'/f g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;a} kf7snfO{ yfx g} 5 . o;/L g} b]z ljb]zaf6 ljleGg kq klqsfsf] k|sfzg / ltgdf k|sflzt hg ;+:s[ltsf] kIf kf]if0f ug]{ n]vx?n] klg j}rfl/s If]qnfO{ ;d[4 t'Nofpg] sfd u/] . ;ª\sNk / j]bgf kl/jf/sf dfWodaf6 / To;kl5 klg /fd]z, d~h'n, /fog, /fds[i0f b'jfn, Zofd tdf]6, a'l4 axfb'/ ysfnL, /fd k|;fb ‘k|bLk’, k|r08 axfb'/ a'9fyf]sL, cl/d, /fh' t'nfw/, k|df]b xdfn, ;Gtf]if >]i7, k|ltdf t'nfw/, h]=aL=6'x'/], pbo >]i7, dfwj k|wfg, hLjg zdf{, dw' u'?ª / cGo tdfd uLtsf/ snfsf/x?n] ljs[t ;fdGtL k'FhLjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] ;ftf] lnPsf] klg s;}n] la;{g ;St}g . :jod\ dbg e08f/L, df]xg ljj|md l;+x, r}tGo, xl/ axfb'/ >]i7, k|bLk g]kfn, d's'Gb Gof}kfg], k|bLk 1jfnL, /3' kGt h:tf g]tfx?n] klg cfˆgf l;h{gfb\jf/f j}rfl/s cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;Dan k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf lglDt s]jnk'/] ls;fg, ejfgL l3ld/], kfl/hft, /d]z ljsn, s[i0f k|;fb k/fh'nL, hgs k|;fb x'dfufO{+, zlSt nD;fn, g]qnfn kf}8]n ‘cefuL’, s[i0f;]g OR5's, clUglzvf, ?b| v/]n, Clif/fd Gof}kfg], n]vgfy 1jfnL, clg?4 ltlD;gf, 3gZofd 9sfn h:tf lbj+ut ;|i6fx?n] ljz]if of]ubfg ug'{ eof] . o;} lglDt Zofd k|;fb, df]bgfy k|l>t, cfgGb b]j e6\6, lgg' rfkfufO{+, r"8fdl0f /]UdL, uª\uf k|;fb pk|]tL, /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, lji0f' k|eft, uf]kL/d0f pkfWofo, a"Fb /fgf,  ljdn lgef, gf/fo0f 9sfn, Zofdn, ljho ;'Aaf, /fd ljgo, cd/ lu/L, k'0o k|;fb v/]n, ;'nf]rgf dfgGw/, df]xg b'jfn, s'Gtf zdf{, ab|L ljzfn kf]v/]n, ;'wf lqkf7L, jf;'b]j clwsf/L, kz'klt ltD;]gf, slkn nfld5fg], uf]kfn 7fs'/, wL/]Gb| k|]dlif{, ;Ltf zdf{, gd{b]Zj/L ;Tofn, dft[sf kf]v/]n tyf ufoqL lji6  nufot tdfd k|ultjfbL ;|i6fx?n] clxn] klg snd rnfO /xg' ePsf] 5 .

         clxn] k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3,g]kfnsf ;fy} g]skf-Pdfn]_;Da4 /fli6«o hg ;+f:s[lts dxf;ª\3 / o;;Fu cfa4 /fli6«o hg ;ª\uLt d~r,g]kfn,hg ;flxlTos d~r,g]kfn, hghf6\o d~r,g]kfn,hg kIfLo rnlrqsdL{ ;ª\3,g]kfn,g]kfn nlnt snf d~r,efiff tyf nf]s ;flxTo d~r,g]kfn,;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts cWoog d~r,g]kfn tyf cGo ljleGg kf6L{x?sf ;f+:s[lts ;ª\u7gx?n] ljrf/ wf/fTds  If]qdf sfd ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o hg ;f+:s[lts dxf;ª\3 cGtu{t ;ª\ul7t xhf/f}F ufos, ;ª\uLtsf/, jfbs, ;flxTosf/, gf6ssf/, rnlrqsdL{, nlnt snfsdL{, efiffljb\ / ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts If]qsf lj1x? hgg]tf dbg e08f/Ln] clu ;f/]sf] hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfbn] cFufn]sf] ;f+:s[lts gLlt cg'¿k ljrf/ k|jfx ub}{ sd{If]qdf 86]sf 5g\ . o;af6 ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf] 3]/f km/flsnf] x'Fb} uPsf] 5 / k|ltw|'jLo Pjd\ jfd cfGbf]ngs} unt lrGtg klg vl08t eO /x]sf] 5 .

          ljrf/ wf/fTds qmflGt e'Tt] eof] eg] ;f+:s[lts If]qnfO{ dfq Iflt gk'uL /fhg}lts If]qdf klg gsf/fTds c;/ k'Ug hfG5 . To;}n] hg ;f+:s[lts If]qdf lqmofzLn ;a} ;+:s[ltsdL{x?n] lg/Gt/ hfu?s /x]/ j}rfl/s qmflGt rnfO /xg' kb{5 . o;af6 j}rfl/s e|d lgjf/0f x'g hfG5, gofF k':tfn] k|efj / k|]/0ff k|fKt ub{5 / k|ltw'|jLo lrGtg lgik|efj x'g k'U5 . ctM j}rfl/s qmflGtnfO{ ;f+:s[lts If]qn] k|fyldstf lbO cfPsf] 5 / lbO /xg] 5 .

$=@ hg lj/f]wL ;Ttf cGTosf]  cfGbf]ngdf e"ldsf

              hg lj/f]wL ;Ttfsf lj/f]wdf ePsf qmflGtsf/L ultljlwdf hg ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] ;xeflutf hgtfsf cfFvfdf 5n{ª\ª 5 . /f0ffsfndf efg'eStn] tTsfnLg ;Ttfsf lj/f]wdf u/]sf] Joª\Uo, ;Gt sljx?sf ;fy} nvg yfkf, of]udfof cflbn] k|s6 u/]sf] ljb|f]xsf] cfafh, ;'Aaf s[i0fnfnn] …ds}sf] v]tLÚ n]v] afkt h]nd} j/0f u/]sf] d[To' , cGo s}og\ n]vs snfsf/x?n] ef]u]sf] s7f]/  h]n hLjg tyf lgjf{;gnfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/ eGg ;lsG5 ;f+:s[lts If]qn] hg lj/f]wL ;TTtfsf] lj/f]wdf plxNo}b]lv ;lqmotf b]vfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . lj=;+=!((& sf] xTofsf08kl5 ljb|f]xsf] :j/ cem ;zSt x'g uof] . nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6f, x[bo rGb| l;+x k|wfg, uf]kfn k|;fb l/dfnsf ljb|f]xL ultljlw / n]vgsf] k|xf/ tTsfnLg ;Ttfn] a]xf]g'{ k/\of] . lj=;+= @))$df ;+:s[tsf ljBfyL{x?n] …hot' ;+:s[td\Ú cfGbf]ng u/]/ /f0ffzf;gnfO{ 7'n} r'gf}tL lbP .  lj=;+= @))^df g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] u7g ePkl5 hg ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngn] pmhf{ k|fKt u/\of] eg] ;f]xL jif{ k'iknfnn] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ff kq g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]kl5 t emg\ k|]/0ff a6'Ng] cj;/ kfof] . sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf k/]8 uLtsf cfafh  o;/L rf/}lt/ 3lGsg nfUof] M—

                  kxf8 kj{t vf]nfgfnf hUuf hldg ;asf]

                  dflns xfdL, bf; agf}F lsg,lx:;f ;adf ;asf]

                  gf; u/f}F of] /f0ffzfxL, Wj:t u/f}F of] tfgfzfxL

                  hfcf}F,qmflGtu/f}F,ca qmflGt u/f}F .

                 lj=;+=@))& sf] qmflGtsf/L jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ dfq geO{ To;nfO{ ;xL lbzflt/ lxF8fpg lbNnL ;Demf}tfsf] lj/f]wsf ;fy /fli6«otfsf] emG8f pFrf] kfg]{ sfd ;f+:s[lts If]qn] u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+=@))( df Zofd k|;fbsf] g]t[Tjdf k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 o;n] klg cfˆgf ultljlwb\jf/f ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngnfO{ clu a9fPsf] lyof] . oltv]/ g} s]jnk'/] ls;fgsf] of] x'ª\sf/ ;'lgPsf] lyof] M—

                   leIffn] xs kfOFb}g slxn] ;ª\3if{sf] l7s u/

              lj=;+ @)!& sf] zfxL kmf}hLsf08kl5 hg ;f+:s[lts If]q klg k|efljt eof] . Zofd k|;fbn] e"ldut ¿kd} cfˆgf l;h{gfaf6 k~rfot lj/f]wL r]tgf 5/], uf]ljGb e6\6 h:tf ;dfnf]rsn] k|ltw||'jLo lrGtgnfO{ ys{dfg kf/], df]bgfy k|l>tn] d[To'sf d'vaf6} cfuf] cf]sn] , o'4 k|;fb ld>n] /St qmflGtsf w'g ;';]n], kfl/hft tyf /d]z ljsnn] k|ultjfbL afGsLsf pDbf gd'gfx? k|:t't u/] . /fd]z, d~h'n, /fog cflb /fNkmfnL ;+:s[ltsdL{x?sf c;Gt'li6sf :j/x? g} ;xg g;Sg]  k~rfotn] ltg} snfsf/x?sf  hgjfbL ljrf/n] o'St uLt ;ª\uLtaf6 b]zsf ljleGg efudf  cfGbf]nsf] nx/ lj:tfl/t ePsf] b]Vg] lbg cfP . lj=;+ @)#^sf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngn] NofPsf] v's'nf] cj:yf / hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] pkof]u ub}{ n]vsx?n] ejfgL l3ld/]sf] g]t[Tjdf ;8s sljtf  qmflGt rnfP eg] snfsf/x?n] xfFsfxfFsL k~rfotnfO{ r'gf}tL lbP . lj=;+=@)$^÷)$& sf] cfGbf]ngdf o'4 k|;fb ld> h:tf *$ jif{sf ;flxTosf/ ;xefuL eP/ k~rfot lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] cfufdf l3p 5/] . o; cfGbf]ngn] w]/} ;+:s[ltsdL{ / ;flxTosf/x?sf qmflGtsf/L ultljlwnfO{ hgtfdfem NofO k'/\ofPsf] 5 h;sf] ;a} ljj/0f lbg oxfF ;Dej 5}g .

              k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3;Fu cfa4 /x]/ ljleGg jfd kf6L{sf ;f+:s[lts kmfF6df ;ª\ul7t ;flxTosf/ snfsf/x?n] lj=;+=@)^@÷@)^#sf] cfGbf]ngclu / kl5 sfd u/]sf], cfGbf]ngsf d}bfgdf lgeL{stfk"j{s cfcfˆgf k|:t'lt u/]sf] / hg cfGbf]ngnfO{ zlSt k|bfg ub}{ k|x/Lsf] lx/f;t ;d]t a]xf]/]sf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g . o; cfGbf]ngdf nlntsnf sdL{x?n] u/]sf k|bz{gsf] klg ljlzi6 k|efj /xg uof] . rfx] /Tgkfs{df k|:t't cS6f]k;sf] lrq xf];\ jf w/x/fdf 6fFluPsf] ljzfn lrqs[lt xf];\ To;sf] c;/ pNn]Vo /x\of] .  lj=;+= @)%) sf] bzssf] lx+;fTds cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg ePsf] cf/f]kdf klg s}og\ ;+:s[ltsdL{x?sf] Hofg lnOof] .  ;+:s[ltsdL{sf] xTof u/]/ ljrf/ ;dfKt kfg]{ b'isfo{ lgGbgLo 5 . o;/L lg/ª\s'z ;Ttfsf] cGTo ug]{ hg cfGbf]ngdf ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] e"ldsf g]kfnsf] qmflGtsf/L Oltxf;sf] k7gLo kfgf ag]sf]  b]Vg ;lsG5 .

$=# juL{o d'lStsf] ;ª\3if{df e"ldsf

                 hg ;+:s[ltsf] e"ldsfn] juL{o d'lStsf] ;ª\3if{nfO{ ljz]if ¿kdf ;xof]u k'/\ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] pTkL8s ju{sf lj/f]wdf pTkLl8t ju{sf] ;bf kIf lnFb} cfPsf] 5 . bf;k|yf pGd"ngsf] 3f]if0ff EfPsf] s}og\ jif{ lalt ;Stf klg sd}of  k|yf lhpFb} /x]sf], xnL, uf]7fnf, v]tfnf / df]xLsf  ¿kdf ls;fgx? zf]if0fdf kl/ /x]sf] / tyf gf]s/, HofdL, el/of / dhb'/sf kl;gf / cfF;'sf] pk]Iff eO /x]sf] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] cGofk"0f{ Joj:yf pN6\ofpg hg ;+:s[ltsdL{x?n] dflns, ;fdGt / k'FhLklt ju{sf] crfSnLsf] eG8fkmf]/sf ;fy} To:tf] k|yfsf] cGTosf lglDt uLt ufPsf 5g\, gf6s v]n]sf 5g\, syf sy]sf 5g\ / pTkL8sx?k|lt 3[0ff pTkGg ug]{ cg]s ultljlwx? u/]sf 5g\ . b]zsf ljleGg efudf …ls;fg xf]Ú, …kl/jt{gÚ, …krf; ?lkofFsf] td;'sÚ, …l;DdfÚh:tf gf6sx? clg …alnbfgÚ h:tf] rnlrq k|bz{g / uLt, gfr, k|x;g, Sofl/s]r/, jfBjfbgsf] k|:t'ltb\jf/f lgDg juL{o >ldsx?sf] kIf kf]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ultljlw ug]{ qmddf sltko ;+:s[ltsdL{x?n] h]ng]nsf] oftgf ef]Ug' k/]sf] / To; jf:tljstfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{ …xfd|f] b]zsf] Kof/f] slj h]ndf aGb 5 Ú h:tf uLtx? u'GhfPsf] klg xfdLn] la;]{sf 5}gf}F . b]zdf dfq geP/ ljb]zdf s'NnL, rf}sLbf/, 3/]n' sfdbf/,b:tsf/ cflbsf ¿kdf kl;gf aufO /x]sf hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf syfJoyfk|lt ;+;f/sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ /  b]zleq} sfddfdsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ cfafh hg ;f+:s[lts If]qn] g} p7fO /x]sf] 5 .

               ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] cfGbf]ngdf ;+:s[ltsdL{x?sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ cfGbf]ngsf If]qx?df g} pkl:yt eP/ x]g{ ;lsG5  . 7'nf 7'nf h'n'; / 3]/fp, ljzfn  hg;ef, hg hfu/0fsf nfdf ofqf / r'gfasf d}bfgdf ;+:s[ltsdL{x?n] lbg] sfo{qmd juL{o dfofdf g} cf]tk|f]t eP/ ;Dej ePsf x'g\ eGg] s'/f x[boª\ud ug{ cfjZos 5 . ef]sef]s} /x]/ Tofu / alnbfgsf efjgfaf6 ul/Psf of]ubfgnfO{ r'Tyf] ;'ljwfef]uL tfdemfdn] slxNo} pl5Gg ;St}g . nfvf}F hgtfsf dgdf k/]sf] cf:yf / >4fsf]  5fk slxNo} d]6]/ d]l6Fb}g . To;}n] t lgDg juL{o zf]lift lkl8t hgtfsf x[bodf ;Ddflgt 5g\—hg snfsf/, hg ;flxTosf/, hg gf6ssf/, hg uLtsf/, hg ufos, hg g[Tosf/, hg jfBjfbs cflb cflb . pgLx?n] n]v] / UffP, æjuL{o ;dfhdf juL{o dfof g} rf]vf] / Gofgf] x'G5 .Æ

$=$ /fli6«otf / /fli6«o :jfwLgtf /Iffsf] n8fOFdf e"ldsf

                hg ;f+:s[lts If]qn]  /fi6«sf af/]df ljz]if lrGtf / rf;f] lnPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndfly x'g] ljb]zL x:tIf]ksf lj/f]wdf ljleGg k|sf/sf uLt, sljtf, syf, gf6s cflb n]lvPsf 5g\ / ltgnfO{ snfsf/x?n] Jofks ¿kdf lkmFhfPsf 5g\ . c;dfg lbNnL ;demf}tfsf] lj/f]wdf l;h{gfsf] af9L au]sf] kfOG5 eg] sf]zL,u08s cflb ;demf}tfn] kf/]sf] g/fd|f] c;/af/] klg cf}Fnf p7fOPsf] 5 .  gfnfkfgLsf] xf]cf];\ jf sfnfkfgLsf],  ;':tf dx]zk'/sf] xf]cf];\ jf dfg] eGHofªsf] k/fO{ x:tIf]ksf] k|ltjfb ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf / cv08tfaf/]  hg ;f+:s[lts If]q lgs} lrlGtt 5 . jf:tjdf ;+;f/sf] h'g;'s} d'n'sdf uP/ klg P]; cf/fdsf] hLjg latfpg ;Sg]sf nflu b]zsf] lrGtf gx'g' s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f xf]Og  t/ b'vL ul/a hgtfsf nflu cf]t nfUg]] 7fpF cfkm\g} d'n'sdf afx]s cGoq sxfF x'G5 / < To;}n] hg ;f+:s[lts If]q o;af/]df a9L uDeL/ / ;+j]bgzLn ag]sf] kfOG5 . b]z st} 6'lqmG5 ls , To:tf] if8\oGqsf] l;sf/ sf]xL aG5 ls eGg] lrGtfn] lg/Gt/ va/bf/L ug]{ Ps k|d'v b]zeSt zlSt klg oxL g} xf] .

          g]kfnLx?n] ljb]zL ;]gfsf ¿kdf sfd ug'{ kbf{ ef]Ug' k/]sf] k/fwLgtf / ckdfg , cGo b]zsf Gofok|]dL hg ;d'bfonfO{ ;fd|fHojfbLx?sf] l;kfxLsf ¿kdf ug'{ kg]{ HofbtL / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] dfgl;s kL8f Pjd\ Unflgsf] cfsng hg ;f+:s[lts If]qn] w/} klxn]b]lv ub}{ cfPsf] 5  / g]kfnL :jfledfgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu cfafh p7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

           /fi6«sf k|fs[lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfaf/] uj{n] 5ftL km'nfpg]] s'/fdf klg hg ;f+:s[lts If]q g} cufl8 plePsf] kfOG5 . hg ;+:s[ltn]  ;u/dfyf, /f/f, km]jf, sf];L, u08sL, sgf{nL, t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfn, :joDe", kz'klt, n'lDagL , hgsk'/ cflbsf] dlxdf af]w u/]sf] 5 / ltgsf] uf}/j ufg ug{ rfxG5 . To;}n]  s'g} e|i6dltn] n'lDagL cs}{ b]zdf k5{ egL cgu{n k|rf/ ubf{ o; If]qaf6 To;sf] ;zSt k|ltjfb x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

              bnfn gf]s/zfxL kF'hLkltsf lj?4 /fli6«o k'FhLkltsf] kIfdf b/f];Fu pleP/ b]zsf] cy{tGq ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] cleofgdf klg ;f+:s[lts If]qn] cfafh p7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 / o;nfO{ cem} ;zSt kf/]/ b]zleq pBf]u wGbfsf] ljsf; u/L sfd ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd hgzlStnfO{ ljb]z knfogaf6 /f]Sg] cleofgdf of] k|lta4 5 . pd]/ k'u]sf /utavtsf o'jfo'jtLx? lab]l;g] / j[4j[4fn] b]z ?ª]/ a:g' kg]{ lj8Dagfk"0f{ l:yltsf] cGTosf lglDt ;f+:s[lts cleofg cem a9fpg' kg]{ vfFrf] 5 . ljleGg sf/0fn] l/lTtPsf ufpFx?sf Joyfdf dnd k6\6L nufpg ca]/ eO ;s]sf] 5 .

$=% gf/L xslxtsf cfGbf]ngdf e"ldsf

          gf/Lsf] rLTsf/n] g]kfnL wtL{ p/fl7nf]  ePsf] / k'?if k|wfg ;dfhsf] k|tf8gfdf cnlnP/  Tof] cToGt sxfnL nfUbf] ag]sf] s'/f;Fu hg ;f+:s[lts If]q kl/lrt 5  . To;}n] t hg ;+:s[ltsdLx?n] uLtsf] of] kmfFsLnfO{ cToGt dxTTjsf ;fy ufpFb} cfPsf 5g\  M—

           cfdf lbbL alxgL xf] Û

           slt a:5f} bf;L eO{

           ;'vsf] ;Fw} Kof;L eP/

            jf:tjdf g]kfnL gf/Lx?sf] cj:yf cToGt lrGtfhgs 5 . ax' ljjfx, afn ljjfx / cgd]n ljjfxn] pgLx?nfO{ cem} lk/f]ln /x]sf 5g\ . lkt[ ;DklTtdflysf] xs 5f]/fn] dfq pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . nf]Ug]n] clnslt tndfly ug]{ lalTts} pgLx? 3/sf g 3f6sf x'G5g\ . ljwjfsf cfF;' clj/n alu /x]s} 5g\ . a]r]/ ljb]zL j]Zofnodf pgLx?nfO{ g} k'/\ofOPsf] 5 . sfdbf/sf ¿kdf ljb]z hfFbf xTof anfTsf/sf l;sf/ pgLx? g} ePsf 5g\ . b]zleq klg pgLx?sf] hLjg ;'/lIft 5}g . kqsf/ h:tf] ;Ddflgt / ;r]t k];fdf /x]sf dlxnfsf] xTof ePsf] ;dfrf/af6 xfdL lgitAw ePsf] klg w]/} ji{f lat]sf] 5}g . *) jif{sf j[4fb]lv % jif{sf aflnsf;Dd anfTs[t ePsf 36gf ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ . af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf dlxnfsf] xTof ePsf] cToGt qm"/ cdfgjLo 36gfx? ;fj{hlgs ePsf eo} 5g\ . anfTsf/ ug{ vf]Hg]sf lj?4 ph'/ ug{ hfFbf  dlxnfx? lgd{d s'6fOdf k/]/ ufpF 5f8\g ljjz ePsf 36gfx? ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ . o:f k|sf/sf jf/bftx?n] s] k'li6 u5{g\ eg] pgLx? cToGt gfh's cj:yfdf 5g\ . ctM dlxnf d'lStsf cfGbf]ngx?df an k'/\ofpg' ;a} ;r]t g]kfnLx?sf] st{Jo xf] . hg ;+:s[ltsdL{x?n] o; k|sf/sf cfGbf]ngx?df cfkm} ;xefuL eP/ tyf cfˆgf k|:t'ltx? k:s]/ cfkm"nfO{ Gofok|]dLx?sf tfFtLdf nfda4 t'NofPsf 5g\ .  dlxnf xslxtsf lglDt ljutb]lv p7]sf cfafhsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ jt{dfg k|of;nfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg pgLx? bTtlrTt eO{ h'6]sf 5g\ . of]udfof, 8fF6L ef]6]gL, df]tLb]jL, /fddfof, dª\unf b]jL l;+x, ;xfgf k|wfg, ;fwgf k|wfg,  b'nfNgL aHo}b]lv xfn;Ddsf dlxnfx?n]  u/]sf sfd / ;ª\3if{sf syfx?k|lt ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] cfTdLo efj /x]sf] 5 . clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;ª\3sf ljleGg ultljlwdf ;+:s[ltsdL{x?sf] ;xeflutf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 / cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj;sf cj;/df cfof]hgf ePsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;kmn kfg{  lxhf]sf] bdgsf] j]nf / clxn] klg pgLx?sf] ;fy /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf lx+;fsf lj/f]wdf ;zSt cfafh p7fpg klg ;+:s[ltsdL{x? cluNnf] kª\lStdf plePsf kfOG5g\ . g]kfnL qmflGtdf b]zsf] cfwf lx:;f cf]u6\g] dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] ljz]if dxTTj /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;a}nfO{ yfx 5Fb} 5 .

$=^ hftLo, wfld{s / eflifs   ;dfgtfsf] cleofgdf e"ldsf

               g]kfn ax' hftLo, ax' wfld{s / ax' eflifs d'n's xf] /  ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf oxfFsf] ljz]iftf xf] . ;+;f/sf s'g} klg hft, wd{ / efiffsf cfwf/df dfG5]nfO{ e]befj ug]{ s'/f l7s xf]Og eGg] af/]df hg ;f+:s[lts If]q :ki6 / ljZj:t 5 . To;}n] hftLo lje]bsf lj/f]wdf x'g] cfGbf]ngdf o; If]qsf] ljz]if rf;f] / ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . 5'jf5't h:tf] dfgjLo snª\ssf] cGTodf o;n] ljlzi6 e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 . hftLo cxd\ k|bz{g ub}{ tyfslyt pRr hftn] lgDg hftk|lt ug]{ cdfgjLo Jojxf/nfO{ o; If]qn] k"0f{ ¿kdf gsfb}{ cfPsf] 5 . b]zsf ljleGg efudf blnt ;d'bfok|lt ePsf b'Jo{jxf/sf] o;n] s8f lj/f]w ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cGthf{tLo ljjfxsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? o;n] ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . blnt hftLo d'lSt ;dfhn] ;~rfng u/]sf sfo{qmddf o; If]qsf] ;xof]u / ;dy{g /x]sf] 5 .

         wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] gLltdf cl8u /xFb} hg ;f+:slts If]qn] oxfFsf lxGb", af}4, d'l:nd, O;fO{, h}g, af]g cflb ;b} wd{k|lt ;dfg b[li6 nufPsf] 5 . a? wd{ kl/jt{gb\jf/f s;}sf] :jfy{ k'/f ug]{ rnv]n eg] oxfF gxf];\ eGg] o;sf] rfxgf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L g} ;a}sf rf8kj{x?nfO{ ;dfg dxTTj lbFb} b;}F, ltxf/, lth, af}4 k"l0f{df, 57, Gx'Fb, Ob, ,Nxf];f/, df3L, pFwf}nL pFef}nL, lqm;d; cflb dgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .

          dfgjLo ljlzi6 ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf cflh{t s'g} klg efiff o; wtL{af6 gx/fcf];\ eGg] hg ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] gLlt xf] . To;lglDt ;a} efiffn] ljsf;sf] ;dfg cj;/ kfpg' k5{ / ltgsf] ;+/rgfut Pjd\ :t/ut ljsf;df /fHo, ;DalGwt eflifs ;d'bfo / ;r]t af}l4s ju{sf] of]ubfg ck]lIft 5 eGg] of] 7fGb5 . efiffsf] cj:yf cg';f/ lzIff, ;~rf/, k|zf;g cflbdf :yfg lbFb} hfg' k5{ / cfwf/e"t lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg] gLlt k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu' x'g' k5{ eGg] o;sf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] eflifs ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf of] b/f];Fu plePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnsf ;a} efiffx?sf] zlSt k|of]u ub}{ / ;femf a]xf]/f a9fpFb} ;Dks{ efiff g]kfnLnfO{ cfhsf xfFsx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ ljb]zL efiffx?k|lt cf;] b[li6 nufpg' gkg]{ agfpg' / /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;'b[9 cfwf/ t'Nofpg' klg hg ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] bfloTj xf] eGg] s'/fdf klg of] :ki6 5  .

$=& cgfrf/ Pjd\ e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL cleofgdf e"ldsf

     cg}lts / e|i6 ultljlwn] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ cfqmfGt kf/]sf 5g\  / ltgsf] cGTo cfjZos 5 . To;}n] hg ;f+:s[lts If]q To:tf xs{tsf] cGTo ug]{ cleofgdf ;bf cu|;/ 5 . ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 l;w} sf]7frf]6fdf k|j]z ug]{ ;f+:s[lts ;fd|fHojfb, e|i6frf/, n'6v;f]6af6 cflh{t x/fdsf] wg, sfnf] wGbf, of}g Jofkf/ / 5f8fkgf, nfu' kbfy{ cf];f/k;f/ / b'Jo{;g, dlxnf a]rlavg, anfTsf/, xTof, ckx/0f, lkm/f}tL c;'nL , 7uL , rf]/L, 8s}tL, ;z:q cfqmd0f g]kfnL ;dfhdf cle;fk ag]/ lelqPsf 5g\ . b]zn] e/f];f ug]{ o'jf k':tf s'ntsf kmGbfdf k/]/ lg/fz, s'07fu|:t / lg/Lx aGb} d[To'sf d'vdf k'Ug' 7'nf] lrGtfsf] s/f xf] . hgtfsf] dtn] r'lgPsf g]tfx? e|i6 eO{ hgtfsf gh/df lug'{ klg lj8Dagfsf] s'/f ePsf] 5 . k|zf;lgs If]q klg Tolts} uGxfO /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . hg ;f+:s[lts If]q s'g} klg cgfrf/ / e|i6frf/ 6'n'6'n' x]/]/ a:g ;St}g / hg ;+:s[ltsdL{x?n] o:tf] snª\s ;dfKt kfg{ ;zSt ¿kdf cfˆgf JolStut / ;+:yfut k|of;  ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

%=lgisif{

            g]kfnL  qmflGtsf] k"0f{tf jf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf nflu  k|of;x? hf/L 5g\ / oxfFsf] cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs pTkfbg ;DaGwnfO{ gofF pTkfbg ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g ub}{ Tof] ;DkGg x'g] 5 . To;lglDt ;r]t g]t[Tj cGtu{t hg ;d"xx?n] df]rf{a4 eO{ cfcfkm\gf  ultljlwx? ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . To;}sf] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ kIf hg ;+:s[lt xf] . o;n] qmflGtnfO{ ;3fpg  v]Ng] / v]Nb} cfPsf] e"ldsfaf/] oxfF s]xL k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . o;sf e"ldsfsf ;Dk"0f{ cfofdx? oltd} ;Lldt g/x]sfn] eljiodf cem a9L ;fwvf]h x'g] g} 5 . jf:tjdf hg ;+:s[lt cfkm}df qmflGtsf] ;+jfxs xf] / ;8]un]sf] k|rngnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{, o''u ;fk]If ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ / kl/jt{gnfO{ :yfloTj lbnfpg o;n] v]Ng] e"ldsfnfO{ ;a}n] x[boª\ud ug{ cfjZos 5  . >lds ju{sf 7]nf p7]sf xft / kl;gfsf] d"Noaf]wsf ;fy pTkL8s ju{sf] P]; cf/fd / s'sd{sf] cGTo ub}{ ;du| qmflGtnfO{ 6'ªuf]df k'/\ofpg hg ;+:s[ltn] ug]{ of]ubfgnfO{ oxL kl/k]|Io / ;Gbe{df 7Dofpg ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ s[lt ;"rL

clwsf/L, x]dfª\u /fh / ab|L ljzfn e6\6/fO{-@)^!_, k|of]ufTds g]kfnL zAbsf]z, sf7df8f}F M         ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .

pk|]tL, uª\uf k|;fb-@)%*_, JolSt,s[lt / k|j[lTt, sf7df8f}F M k|ltef k|sfzg .

lu/L, hLj]Gb| b]j / /fdxl/ kf}8]n-@)%%_,…kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df hg ;+:s[ltsf] efjL                  lbzf’, ;+:s[lt, cª\s #, k[=#%–$* .

r}tGo-@)^^_,dfS;{jfb / ;+:s[lt, sf7df8f}F M ;lxb :d[lt k|sfzg .

1jfnL, k|bLk-@)^^_, …;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfjZostf / lbzfÚ,k|n];,ji{f !$,k"0ff{ª\s !^,k[=@!—@* .

kGyL, o'j/fh-@)%&_, /fhg}lts bfz{lgs zAbsf]z, sf7df8f}F M lg/Gt/ k|sfzg .

k|wfg, dfwj-@)^(_,’g]kfnL hfu/0fd"ns uLt lgdf{0fdf JolSt / ;ª\3;+;yfx?sf] e"ldsf’, ;+:s[lt, /ht jif{ ljz]iffª\s, cª\s(, k[=^#@–^$* .   

k|l>t, df]bgfy-@)%*_, ;ª\slnt /rgfx?,v08 ^, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL a'S; PG8 :6];g/L ;]G6/ .

Df.cf] r t'ª-O=!($@_, ;flxTo / snf ;DaGwL o]gfg uf]i7Ldf k|jrg .

n]lgg-O=!(^@_, n]lgg u|GyfjnL, cª\u|]hL ;+:s/0f, df:sf] M ljb]zL k|sfzg u[x .

zdf{,hgs-@)$&_, s]xL kfl/eflifs zAb ;+lIfKt kl/ro , sf7df8f}F M k|ultzLn k':ts k;n .

Zofd k|;fb-@)$(_, 'hglxt g} hg ;+:s[ltsf] hu’, ;+:s[lt,jif{ !,cª\s !,k[=!–@ .

;'j]bL,czf]s-@)^*_,k|yd ;flxlTos ;lxb s[i0fnfn clwsf/L / ds}sf] v]tL, sf7df8f}F M czf]s ;'j]bL .