g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lns :j¿k

          g]kfnL  efiffsf]  df}lns  :j¿k

 

!= yfngL

g]kfnL efiff ;+;f/sf g};lu{s jf k|fs[lts efiffx¿dWo] Ps xf] . of] s'g} s[lqd efiff xf]Og . o;sf] cfkm\gf] df}lns :j¿k 5 . o;sf] cfkm\gf] Oltxf; / ;'bL3{ k/Dk/f 5 . o;sf cfkm\gf ;+/rgfut ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ . g]kfnleq / aflx/ 7"nf]  ;ª\Vofdf o;sf jStfx¿ 5g\ . sYo / n]Vo clg cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s ;a} k|sf/sf eflifs cleJolQm o;sf dfWodaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] Ps k|d'v /fi6«efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf] o; efiffsf ljleGg If]qLo, ;fdflhs / k|of]hgk/s e]bx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a}sf cfnf]sdf o;sf] df}lns :j¿knfO{ 7Dofpg ;lsG5 .

/fi6« lgdf{0fdf efiffsf] ljlzi6 e"ldsf /xg' :jfefljs 5 . To; ljifodf ljj]rgf ug'{cl3 /fi6« s] xf] eGg]af/] :ki6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . /fi6«nfO{ b'O{ j6f sf]0faf6 x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . -s_ hgtf, ;/sf/ tyf ;fj{ef}d ;Qf ;DkGg ePsf] b]z / -v_ Ps} b]zsf Pp6} ;+:s[lt tyf cy{ Joj:yfdf cfa4 ;d:t gful/s -kf]v/]n / cGo, @)$), !!$)_. To;}n] /fi6« eg]sf]] Psflt/ cg]s u0f -slanf_ / hgsf dfgj zfvfx¿larsf] Jofks ;Dks{, ;ª\3if{, ;lDdng, ;lDd>0f / ljnogsf] k|lqmof a]xf]b}{ hflt / hghfltsf] cj:yfeGbf dfly p7]sf] clg efjgfTds Pstfdf cfa4 hg ;d'bfo xf] eg] csf{lt/ To:tf] hg ;d'bfo /x]sf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf ;DkGg d'n's . logsf] lgdf{0fdf efiffsf] s] s:tf] e"ldsf /xG5 eGg] s'/f xfdL ;a}sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] . jf:tjdf ljleGg efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt / e"uf]nsf hg ;d'bfonfO{ ;';Da4 t'NofpFb} clg /fli6«o cv08tf / ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ x/]ssf] d'6'sf] s]Gb|df k'¥ofpFb} k/fO{sf] x:tIf]k lj?4 Tofu, pT;u{ / alnbfg ug{ tTk/ /xg] l:yltdf k'¥ofpg tyf cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] pTyfgdf h'd'{/fpg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ efiffn] an k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ctM Pp6} ;femf e"v08df /x]sf hgtfsf] ;femf dgf]lj1fg, ;femf cfly{s ;DaGwsf cfwf/df efjgfTds Pstfsf ;fy /fli6«otfsf] efjgf ;+jw{gdf xfd|f] eflifs ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u pNn]vgLo 5 .

@= g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lns :j¿k

g]kfnL efiffsf] cfkm\g} df}lns :j¿k 5 . To;}n] ;+;f/sf efiffx¿dfem o;sf] a]Un} cl:tTj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] df}lns :j¿ksf] klxrfgsf nflu d"ntM o;sf] Oltxf;, ;+/rgf,zAb e08f/, pvfg 6'Ssf / eflifs e]blt/ b[li6 lbg ;lsG5 .

@=! Oltxf;

g]kfnL efiff ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/sf] ;b:o xf] . ;+;f/sf] ljzfn efiff kl/jf/sf ¿kdf ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/ kl/lrt 5 . ;+:s[t, hd{g]nL, O6fn]nL, k|mfG;]nL, :k]lg;, ?;L, O/fg]nL, c/aL, kmf/;L, aflN6s, :nfe]nL, k't{ufnL, cª\u|]hL, 8]g]nL, ga]{nL, lxGbL, pb"{ cflb PseGbf Ps ;+;f/ k|l;4 efiffx¿ o;leq kb{5g\ . oxL kl/jf/sf] cfo{ O/fg]nL zfvfsf] cfo]{nL e]baf6 ;+:s[t, k|fs[t / cke|+z x'Fb} cGo cfw'lgs cfo{efiffx?;Fu} o;sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ cfo]{nLsf] pbLRo e]bsf] kxf8L ju{sf] k"jL{ ;b:o cyjf v; k|fs[tsf] v; cke|+zaf6 pTkGg efiff klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .

cfw'lgs cfo{efiffx¿ eGgfn] g]kfndf af]lng] g]kfnL nufot d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, cjwL, yf¿ cflb Psflt/ kb{5g\ eg] csf{lt/ ef/t / cGo d'n'sdf af]lng] lxGbL, aª\ufnL, cf;fdL, /fh:yfgL, l;GwL, nxGbf, kGhfaL, d/f7L, u'h/ftL, pl8of, a|h, sf]ª\s0fL, sGgf}hL, s'dfpgL, u9jfnL cflb kb{5g\ . oL efiffx¿sf] hGd O:aLsf] P3f/f}+ ztfAbLdf ePsf] dflgG5 . oL cfcfkm\gf df}lnstfn] o'Qm 5g\ / g]kfnL efiff klg logs} xf/fxf/Ldf plePsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] ;j{ k|frLg gd'gfsf ¿kdf k"0f{ k|sfz g]kfn …ofqLÚ sf] vf]haf6 k|fKt zfs] ()# tbg';f/ lj=;+= !)#* sf] e"kfn bfd'kfnsf ;dosf] b'Nn' lznfn]v rlr{t 5  h;df ç === -dl0f <_ ===ß] -kß]_ x'F==== bfd'kfn /]v eO . lji0f' c8}sf] efO . ;pFkfn c8} ;f -s] < ()# n]lvPsf] 5 -g]kfn ofqL, @)#(M(*_ o; clen]vsf s]xL lnlklrGx l3l;Psfn] ltgsf] ¿k sf]i7sdf b]vfOP em}+ x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; clen]vsf] k|fdfl0fstfdf k|Zg p7fpg]x¿dWo] s;}n] df]xg k|;fb vgfnsf] cGj]if0faf6 k|fKt xfd|f cfnL c6fnL c6n sl/ cqm\\of 5'Ú n]lvPsf] lj=;+= !#!@ sf] x'Dnf lhNnfsf] /]lnª u'Dafdf k|fKt clen]vnfO{ k|frLgtd dfG'g' kg]{ cledt clu ;f/]sf 5g\ . -uf}td, @)$(M$&_ eg] s;}n] pgs} vf]h]sf] ;|L czf]srNnb]j l:r/+ hot' . ;pgf sfls{ ;fpsf sSof{gLsf b]jnÚ n]lvPsf] czf]s rNnsf ;dosf] lj=;+= !#!&–!#@& sf] csf]{ clen]vnfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] k|fdfl0fs gd'gf dfGg' kg]{ wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . -cfrfo{ @)$*M ##_ oL clen]vx¿sf cfwf/df g]kfnL efiffsf] k|frLgtf k'li6 x'G5 . k|frLg g]kfnLsf] zAb e08f/ / Jofs/0flt/ b[li6 nufpFbf To;sf] df}lnstfaf/] s]xL hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsg] x'gfn] s]xL zAb / jfSox¿ oxfF k|:t't 5g\ M

zAb– /fO …/fhfÚ, efif\ …efiffÚ÷efsfkq, k;fls…hf/L u/L, clqm …s/ljxLg t'NofPsf] 5 .Ú, 5q' …zq'Ú, 3r\ …cf3ftÚ s8s …kN6gÚ cflb .

jfSo -s_ /fOsf efif\ k;fls clqm . …/fhfn] efsfkq hf/L u/L s/ljxLg u/]sf] 5 .Ú

-v_ xfd|f O 5q' gf; xf] .…xfd|f oL zq' gfz xf]pg\ .Ú

-u_ s8s cfpbf hfbf u'Daf 3r\ glso . …kN6g cfpFbf hfFbf u'DafnfO{ cf3ft gug"[{ .Ú

g]kfnL efiffsf] k|frLg sfnsf] ;do afO;L rf}la;L /fHox¿sf] pbo cyjf ;f]x|f}+ ztfAbLsf] cGTo;Dd /Xof] . sgf{nL k|b]zdf afO;L / u08sL k|b]zdf rf}la;L /fHox¿sf] pbo ePkl5 g]kfnL efiffsf] dWosfn ;'? eof] . dWo sfnLg g]kfnL a]Unfa]Un} cg]s /fHox¿df af]lng] ePkl5 y/L y/Lsf e]bx¿ b]vf kg'{ :jfefljs lyof] . To;}n] ljleGg ljz]iftfx¿ o;df b]vf k/] . To; sfnsf eflifs gd'gf o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

zAb– b} …bxLÚ, rfjn …rfdnÚ, ufp …ufpFÚ, ljnf] …efuÚ, ;j]6f] …;fFk|f]Ú, lb …lbO{Ú, u¥ofsf] …u/]sf]Ú, lkg' …lkpg'Ú, PtL …oltÚ, /x0f' …/xg'Ú, kfr …kfFrÚ cflb .

jfSo– -s_ kf7f] dfl/ /uTofof, b}rfjnnfO{ ufp 3/sg ljnf] /fhf ;'tL{;fxL 7fs'/sg ;j]§f] lb kSsf u¥ofsf] 5 . -;'tL{;fxL 7fs'/sf ;dosf] lji0f'bf; hf];L lnlvt lj=;+=!^#* sf] tfd|kqaf6_

-v_ a|fXd0fsf] dfg'{, dBsf] lkg', jfdgsf] ;'tfsf] rf]/g' ,:jdftf k|;+u ug'{, PtLdf Psyf]s uGof{sf] klg ;Fu /x0f' Plt kfr dxfkfts sxL+ 5g\ . -k|]dlglw kGtsf] lj=;+= !&*) sf] …k|folZrt k|bLkÚ gfds u|Gyaf6_

ljqmdsf] pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLkl5 g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f eof] . o;} sfndf g]kfnL efiffsf ljleGg afGsLx¿ b]vf k/] / klqsfx¿  klg k|sflzt eP . o; qmddf lj=;+= !(%& df …uf]/vf kqÚ g} k|sflzt eof] . To;}n]= pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cf/Deotf zAbsf]z, Jofs/0f / ;flxTosf ljleGg k':tsx¿sf] k|sfzg / efiffsf] dfgsLs/0fsf If]qdf w]/} sfdx¿ eP . cfw'lgs g]kfnLsf] :j¿kaf/] o;kl5 ul/g] j0f{gn] yk :ki6 kfg]{ 5 .

@=@ ;+/rgf

k|frLg / dWosfnLg g]kfnLsf ;+/rgfut ljz]iftfsf] 5gs @=! df g} kfO ;lsPsf] 5 . ltgdf klg g]kfnL efiffsf df}lns ljz]iftfnfO{ b[li6ut ug{ ;lsG5 . cfw'lgs g]kfnLsf] ;+/rgfsf] df}lns :j¿knfO{ lrgfpg d"ntM o;sf Wjlg , j0f{, ¿k , jfSo, zAb e08f/ cflbsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgofNg ;lsG5 .

@=@=! Wjlg / j0f{

g]kfnL efiffsf cfkm\gf Wjlgut / j0f{ut ljz]iftf 5g\ . kmf]S;f]af6 ;'? eP/ d'vaf6 ;f; aflx/ lgl:sg] qmddf o;sf Wjlg / j0f{x¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ .

g]kfnL efiffdf c, cf, O, p, P, cf] d"n :j/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . logdf nfUg]] cg':jf/ - F_  cg':jf/ klg Jolt/]sL /x]sfn] c¿ yk % j6f :j/sf] klg cl:tTj b]lvG5 . h:t}– skfO / sFkfO, af; / afF;, lemhf] / lemFhf], h'uf / h'Fuf, kx]nL / kx]FnL df cg';f/n] cy{ km/s kf/]sf] 5 . o;/L g} cO -P]_, cfO, pO, PO, cf]O, cp -cf}_, Op, Pp, cf]p lå:j/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . pRrf/0fdf oL :j/x¿ eP klg n]vgdf eg] c, cf, O, O{, p, pm, C, P, P], cf], cf}, c+, cM t]x| j6f :j/ j0f{ /x]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] O{, pm, C g]kfnLdf pRrf/0f x'Fb}gg\, P], cf} bL3{ :j/ x'g\ eg] c+, cM ;Fu Jo~hg ;dflji6 5g\ .

Jo~hg j0f{sf ¿kdf s, v, u, 3, ª, r, 5, h, em, , 6, 7, 8, 9, t, y, b, w, g, k, km, a, e, d, o,/, n,j,;, x u/L @( j6f j0f{ g]kfnLdf pRrf/0f x'G5g\  h;dWo] o / j cw{ :j/ x'g\ . n]vgdf eg] `, 0f, z, if / If, q, 1 nfO{ klg j0f{df ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tjdf `, 0f, z, if g]kfnLdf pRrl/t x'Fb}gg\ eg] If -s±if_, q -t±/_ tyf 1-h±`_ ;+o'Qm Jo~hg x'g\ .

g]kfnL j0f{ ;+of]u ,pRrf/0f / cIf/ ;+/rgfsf klg df}lns kIfx¿ 5g\ . zAbsf] ;'? / cGTodf o / j afx]s c¿ Jo~hg;Fu ;+o'Qm Jo~hgsf] g]kfnLdf pRrf/0f ul/Fb}g . h:t}—:gfg / :6;]g nfO{ pRrf/0f ubf{ g]kfnLdf qmdzM c:gfg / O:6];g pRrf/0f ul/G5 eg] uGh\ / ;]s]G8\ nfO{ uGh / ;]s]G8 ul/G5 . sltko 7fpFdf chGt n]v]/ xnGt pRrf/0f ug'{ klg o;sf] ljz]iftf xf] . h:t}– snd / uf]ndfn h:tf gflds zAbsf] pRrf/0f snd\ / uf]n\dfn\ x'g hfG5 . o;/L g} lå:j/sf lardf / zAbfGtdf 3, em, 9, w, e n]lvP klg u,h,8,b,a pRrf/0f x'g] s'/f af3–afu, dfem\g'–dfHg', k9\–k8\, ;f]Wg'– ;f]b\g', uf]Eg'–uf]Ag' cflbsf] pRrf/0fn] k|:6\ofpF5 . cIf/ ;+/rgfdf -!_ :j/ -cf, O, pm cflb_, -@_ :j/±Jo~hg -cf;, Ov, p;, Ps cflb_, -#_ Jo~hg±:j/ -/, sf], d, cflb_, -$_ Jo~hg±Jo~hg±:j/ - Tof], Sof, Hof cflb_, -%_ Jo~hg ±:j/ ±Jo~hg -t]n, emf]n, hf];, df; cflb_, -^_ Jo~hg±Jo~hg±:j/±Jo~hg -Kofh, Kjfn, 6\jfs cflb_ / -&_ Jo~hg±Jo~hg±Jo~hg±:j/±Jo~hg :Nofª, ANofª cflb_ sf] k|of]u kfOG5 . o;/L g} sGof, ;To, lbTj, sqf] cflb h:tf ;+/rgfdf sGGof, ;TTo, lbTTj, sTqf] cflbsf] pRrf/0f ljBdfg 5 .

@=@M@ ¿k / jfSo

g]kfnL efiffsf] cfkm\g} k|sf/sf] ¿k Joj:yf / jfSo Joj:yf 5 . ltgsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfn] o;sf] df}lns :j¿ksf] kl/ro lbG5g\  h;dWo] s]xLsf af/]df oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf pk;u{ / k|Toox¿df ;+:s[t / cGo efiffsf ;fy} cfkm\gf] lghL k|of]usf] ;lDd>0f kfOG5 . cvfg', cgkTof/, s'sf7, u}/;/sf/L, gsfd, abVjfOF, lahf]u, a]jfl/;, gfdb{, nfjfl/; h:tf zAbdf k|o'Qm pk;u{x¿df cfkm\g} / cfuGt's efiffsf ¿kx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ eg] clwsf/, cg';/0f, cgGt, cksf/, cledfg, cjd"Nog, cfsf/, pT;u{, pksyf, b'u{d, b'lZrGtf, b'ik|j[lQ, b':;fx;,  lgu"9, lgh{n, lgZro, lgisk6, lg:;xfo, k|ult, k/fho, kl/e|d0f, k|lts[lt ljho, ;lxt, ;Ddfg, ;xsfo{, :jfut  cflbdf tT;d pk;u{sf ¿kx¿ 5g\ . o;sf k|Toox¿df klg o:t} cj:yf 5;nf}6f], ., 7f];f], agf]6, lk/fxf, cfFl6nf], b]lvGh]n, v]n'Gh]n, vf]hL, s'?jf k9}of, 5GgL, vfgf af]nfx6, ydf}tL, uFh8L, rf}8fO, shfOF, a7\ofOF, e'nSs8, art, v6g, r6gL, 3f]sGt, ;8n, vf]kf, r9fO, arfp, 6'ª\ofpgL, kf]tf/f], b]vfj6,ukmf8L, p7fg, bªfnL, d}tfn', km6fxf, hF8\ofxf, kflkgL, emul8of, clD;of/, g'lgnf], ;;'/fnL, 8f]s], uu|]6f], kv]/f], vuf}tf], w'kf}/f], s]6f}n], y'Dsf], taNrL, lrofbfgL, hldgbf/, klG8TgL, kfNkfnL, ufpFn], rfs8Lafh, k};fjfn cflb zAbdf k|o'Qm s[t\ / tl4t k|Toosf ¿kx¿ g]kfnL efiffsf lghL ljz]iftfsf ;fy} cfuGt's ljz]iftf;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . logsf cltl/Qm kf7s, >j0f, dfggLo, k"hf, gflosf lnlvt, leIf's, d[t, uGtJo, kf7\o, d'lSt, eUg, k'ikf, jflif{s, o'uLg, u|fdL0f, ;+;bLo, d[ts, k|ydtM, sljTj, >]i7t/, ;jf]{Qd, hndo, zlStdfg\, ldqjt\, anjfg\, t]h:jL, w}o{, >4fn' h:tf tT;d zAbdf k|o'Qm tl4t / s[t\ k|Toosf ¿kx¿nfO{ klg g]kfnL efiffn] cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . logsf cltl/Qm lnË, jrg, sf/s, k'?if, sfn, kIf, efj, w|'jLotf cflb;Fu ;DAlGwt ljleGg ¿kx¿n] klg g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lns :j¿ksf] lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ . 5f]/f], 5f]/L, 5f]/fx¿, 5f]/fn], 5f]/fnfO{, 5f]/faf6, 5f]/fsf], 5f]/fsf, 5f]/fsL, d]/f], d]/f, d]/L, cfkm\gf], cfkm\gf, cfkm\gL, 5f]/fdf, k9\5, k9\of], k9\b} ,k9]sf], k9\, gk9\, k9]/, k9\g], k9\bf, k9\bL, k9\bf], k9]5,k9]g5, kl9g' cflb h:tf zAbx¿df klg g]kfnL efiffsf] ¿kut ljljwtf emlNsG5 . o;sf ¿k;lGwdf klg df}lnstf b]Vg ;lsG5 .h:t}—hf±of]Öuof],x' ±of]Öeof],?±of]Ö/f]of],vf±b}ÖvfFb},sf6\±cgÖs6fg,rf6\±cgLÖr6gL cflb .

g]kfnL jfSosf] df}lns :j¿k o;sf] cfk\mgf] Jofs/0fåf/f ;'lglZrt 5 . o;n] stf{, sd{ / lqmofkbsf] kbqmdnfO{ cFufn]sf] 5 . c¿ efiffsf] eGbf of] s;/L leGg 5 eGg] s'/fx¿ tnsf pbfx/0faf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

;+:s[t jfSo

/fd M cf]bgd\ vfblt .

/fdM vfblt cf]bgd\ .

vfblt /fdM cf]bgd\.

vfblt cf]bgd\ /fdM .

cf]bgd\ vfblt /fdM .

cf]bgd\ /fdM vfblt .

cª\u|]hLdf jfSo

/fd O6\; /fO; (Ram eats Rice)

g]kfnL jfSo

/fd eft vfG5 .

pko'{Qm jfSox?nfO{ t'ngf u/]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;+:s[tsf x/]s kbsf] ¿k rNg] / To;} cg';f/ k|Too nfUg] ePsfn] kbqmd x]/km]/ x'Fbf klg cy{df km/s kb}{g t/ g]kfnLdf eg] eft vfG5 /fd eGg ldNb}g . Psl5gsf lglDt eft vfG5 /fd s;}n] k|of]u ul/ xfNof] eg] klg af3 afv|f] vfG5 h:tf] jfSonfO{ afv|f] af3 vfG5sf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g  lsgls o;af6 cy{sf] cgy{ x'g hfG5 . cª\u|]hL efiffsf] kbqmdeGbf o;sf] kbqmd leGg g} 5 . Pp6} kl/jf/sf ;+:s[t / cª\u|]hLsf eGbf leGg kbqmd b]vf kg'{ o;sf] df}lnstf xf] .

kb ;ª\uLtsf b[li6n] klg g]kfnL efiffsf] cfkm\gf] df}lns k|of]u kfOG5 . cª\u|]hLdf /fd O6\; /fO; / ;LtfM O6\; /fO; df clg ;+:s[tdf /fdM cf]bgd\ vfblt / ;LtfM cf]bgd\ vfbltdf k'lnËL / :qLlnËL lqmofkb Pp6} 5 t/ g]kfnLdf eg] /fd eft vfG5 / ;Ltf eft vfG5] k|of]u u/L lqmofdf lnËe]b ul/G5 . o:tf] lqmofe]b cGoq klg kfOG5 . o;} u/L ljz]if0f / ljz]iosf] ;Ëlt klg o;sf] cfkm\gf] df}lnstf xf] . h:t}– h]7f] 5f]/f], h]7L 5f]/L, h]7f 5f]/fx¿ . hl6n jfSox¿sf] lgdf{0fdf klg o;sf cfkm\gf df}lns ljz]iftfx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . h:t} M Tof] ToxL 3/ xf] hxfF d a:5' h:tf ld> jfSonfO{ d a:g] 3/ ToxL xf] h:tf jfSoåf/f g]kfnLdf k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L g} d}n] ef]s dfg]F h:tf jfSosf 7fpFdf dnfO{ ef]s nfUof] h:tf pbf;Lg stf{ ePsf jfSosf] k|of]u klg g]kfnL jfSosf] j}lzi6\osf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

@=@=# zAb e08f/

zAb e08f/sf b[li6n] klg g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lns :j¿knfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnL zAb e08f/df tT;d, tb\ej, / cfuGt's zAbsf ;fy} efiffdf ld7f; eg]{ cg]s cg's/0ffTds zAbx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . o; efiffn] ;+:s[t ;|f]tsf zAbx?nfO{ pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofdf u|x0f u/] tfklg 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf tb\ej zAbx¿nfO{ cFufn]sf] 5 . z/L/sf cª\u hgfpg] lz/b]lv kfp;Ddsf zAbx¿lt/ b[li6 nufcf}+ M

tT;d M z/L/, d'v, k]6, skfn cflb .

tb\ej M 6fpsf] -;+= :yfo's_, lgwf/ -;+= nnf6_, sfg -;+= s0f{_, cfFvf -;+= clIf_, gfs -;+= gfl;sf_, sfg -;+= s0f{ _, cf]7 -;+= cf]i7_, xft -;+= x:t_, cf}+nf -;+= cª\u'nL_, kfp -;+= kfb_, hfF3 -;+= hª3f_, 3'F8f] -;+ 3'06_, bfFt -;+= bGt_, lha|f] -;+= lhXjf_, rfs -;+= rqm_, vKk/ -;+= vk{/_ cflb .

pko'{Qm zAbx?n] s] hgfpF5g\ eg] g]kfnL efiffdf 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf tb\ej zAbx¿ k|rlnt 5g\ . g]kfnL efiffn] ;+:s[t zAbx¿nfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/] klg g]kfnLkgdf 9fn]/ ltgsf] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 h;af6 o;sf] df}lnskgfn] v'Ng] cj;/ kfPsf] 5 . …cfFvfÚ nfO{ lxGbLdf …cfFvÚ / cGo s]xL cfo{ efiffdf …cfFlvÚ elgG5 t/ g]kfnLn] eg] …cfFvfÚ sf ¿kdf To;nfO{ df}lns :j¿k k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . c¿ zAbx¿df klg o:tf ljz]iftf cGtlg{lxt 5g\ .

g]kfnL efiff ;+:s[taf6 ljsl;t k|fs[t cke|+z efiffaf6 hlGdP klg g]kfnleq / g]kfn aflx/sf  cGo efiffsf cg]s cfuGt's zAbx¿ o;df k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . To:tf s]xL cfuGt's zAbx¿ o; k|sf/sf 5g\ M

-s_ g]kfn aflx/ af]lng] efiffsf zAb

-c_ c/aL – cvaf/, cfbt, Ogfd, OG;fkm, sb/, s;d, lstfa, va/, ul/a, u}/, hafa, h'n';, tfl/v, bnfn, glthf, dha'/, d'gfkmf, olsg, nfos ,jfl/;, ;Gb's, xflsd, lx;fa cflb .

-cf_ kmf/;L– cgf/, cfdbfgL, s':tL, v'/fs, lu/km\tf/, u'd, uf]nf, r:df, lr/fu, r]x/f, hvd, hflu/, tgvf, b/af/, gf}hjfg, kfOhfdf, k'hf{, dsfg, df]rf{, ofb, /km\tf/, n:s/, ;/bf/, l;tf/f, xKtf, xf]; cflb .

-O_ cª\u|]hL –ck/];g, SofG;/, 6lgs, 8fS6/, lhk, l6s6, ueg{/, 6]lnkmf]g, clS;hg, skf]{/];g, a6g, Hofs]6, kfs{, lyo6/, Sna, Uofn/L, Sofd/f Dofg, afs;, ofln{ª, kfp8/, lkg, 8fo/L, :6f]e, lnkl:6s, dn]l/of, g;{, le6fldg cflb .

-p_ t'sL{ – s'nL, s}+rL, ulnrf, rDrf, rSs', tSdf, tuf/f], tf]k, axfb'/, d'un, d'r'Nsf, nkmª\uf, nf;, ;'/fu, ;f}uft cflb .

-P_ k't{ufnL – crf/, cfndf/L, O:qL, O:kft, skmL, udnf, uf]bfd, rfaL, tdfv', tf}lnof, k/ft, k/]8, kfb/L, lkog, lkkf, k]:tf]n, lkmtf, km]6f, la:s'6, af]tn, ef/bf/ ld:qL, ;fa'g cflb .

-cf]_ ljljw

Nofl6g – SofDk;, ck/]6/, sf]6f, sf]/d, af]g;, Ph]G8f cflb .

k|mfG;]nL – OlGhlgo/, cf}G;, sn]h, sG:6]an, sf6'{g, s'kg, lau'n, k'ln; cflb .

lu|;]nL – yd{;, y]l;;, k|f]u|fd cflb .

?;L– ?an, ef]8\sf, hf/, ef]N;]las, ;f]leot, :tk'tlgs cflb .

hd{g]nL – km/]gxfO6, ;]ldgf/ lgs]n cflb .

O6fn]nL – efOlng, ;f]8f, :6'l8of] cflb .

lrlgofF – rfprfp, rfpldg, lnrL, t'kmfg cflb .

hfkfgL – s/ft], h'8f], l/S;f, xf]G8f cflb .

8r – t'?k, ad cflb .

logsf cltl/Qm aª\ufnLsf uD5f, d'ª\u|L cflb, t]nu'sf emG8f, kª\vf, u'G8f cflb, dnonfdsf kfk8, lkQn, ;a{t cflb / tldnsf lgh, d}nf], sfut h:tf zAbx¿ klg g]kfnLdf cfuGt's zAbsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

-v_ g]kfnleq af]lng] efiffsf zAb

g]jf/ – SjfF6L, sf};L, rfs', em\ofn, u'efh", l5F8L, 8sdL{, 9f]sf, kvf{n, k;n, sf}, kmf];f, Kjfn, nfv], a'OFun, vfkf, lx;L, u'Gb|'s cflb .

du/ – cfF;L, cfn], r'FbL, l/8L, dfbL, tfbL, afS;], k6'sf, /f]Nkf cflb .

tfdfª – 3\ofª, Rofª\af, 8Dkm', ;]nf] cflb .

u'?ª – v'kf{, 3'd, y'G;], 3n], /f8L, /f]bL cflb .

d}lynL – hg, k}gL, 7f6, 9f6, k6'jf cflb .

z]kf{ – nfdf, vf]Ndf, 3\ofª, 3\ofjf, Rofª\u|f, lhDa', 8f“km], y'Skf, bf]rf, olt, /S;L, nfdf cflb .

ls/fFtL – vDa", rflDnª, d'Gw'd, ofSy'Daf, afGtjf cflb .

yf¿ – yf¿, l9qmL, x]Nsf, rf}w/L, x'b{ª\jf, cl:6DsL, kmf]FkmL, 9l8of, 8f]sgL, sd}of cflb .

/fhL – kmfg, /fhL, a/]ª:ofgfª, u'?jf, afnL, :ofgfª,\\ h]O cflb .

lxGbL – cfk;, cGwfw'Gw, p6k6fª cflb .

pb"{ – gfg, rkftL, ;]/afgL, s'/fg, gdfh, dl:hb, l;of, ;'GgL, sf}jfnL, uhn, vfg, k7fg cflb .

cjwL – /hjf, u'Nn/, t'Daf, dfv'/ cflb .

ef]hk'/L – wf]lag, cFu, ko/, km'nsf]eL, kx]nL cflb .

g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffaf6 g]kfnLdf lelqPsf zAbx¿sf] ljz]if cWoog cem} eO{ g;s]sfn] ljåfg\x¿n] u/]sf ;fdfGo rrf{nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ oxfF s]xL zAbx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . vf; u/L kf]v/]n -@)$^M!#$_, zdf -@)%#M$_, lu/L -@)^#M!*@–@!%_, 7fs'/ -@)^&M!^@–!^#_ tyf a/fn / P6d -@)^$M#$_ af6 oL zAbx¿ lnOPsf x'g\ . g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lns :j¿k lgdf{0fdf g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffx¿sf] cjZod]j of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 / :yfgLo :t/df tL efiffsf s}og\ zAbx¿ g]kfnLdf k|o'Qm 5g\ . ltgnfO{ g]kfnL zAbsf]zn] k"0f{tM leq\ofO g;s]sfn] ltgsf] /fd|f] n]vfhf]vf ug{ sl7g 5 . To;}n] o; sfo{df ljz]if Wofg lbO{ g]kfnL zAb e08f/nfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg cfjZos 5 . o;n] g]kfnL efiffsf] /fli6«o :j¿ksf] lgdf{0fdf yk an k'¥ofpg] 5 .

g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lns :j¿ksf] lgdf{0fdf cg's/0ffTds zAb / lgkftx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 klg 7f]; ;3fp k'u]sf] 5 . ltgn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ /l;nf], ld7f] / hLjGt t'Nofpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . tnsf jfSodf k|o'Qm cg's/0ffTds zAb / lgkftlt/ Wofg lbcf}+ M

uf8L ;'n';'n u'8\of] . d 6'qm'Ss a;]F . dnfO{ r6Ss 5f]8]/ ghfpm x} . d t cfOxfn]F ltdL h] kf] u/ .

oL jfSosf ;'n';'n', 6'qm'Ss / r6Ss cg's/0ffTds zAb / x}, t, kf] lgkftn] efiffnfO{ ;/; t'NofPsf 5g\ . lognfO{ csf]{ efiffdf cg'jfb ug{ cjZo g} ufx|f] k5{ / cg"lbt jfSon] g]kfnL jfSosf] h:tf] :jfb lbg ;St}gg\ eGg] s'/f kSsf 5 .

@=@=$ pvfg 6'Ssf

pvfg 6'Ssfsf] k|of]u g]kfnL efiffdf Jofks dfqfdf ul/G5 . logsf] k|of]un] cleJolQm nIf0ff / Jo~hgfn] o'St x'g uO{ ;xh u|fx\o aGg hfG5 . oL vfl/Psf cg'ejsf 6'qmf ufnL ug{ g} k|of]u ul/P klg s;}n] ufx|f] dfGb}g . h'g uf]?sf] l;ª 5}g p;sf] gfpF ltv] egL s'g} cgfjZos km'tL{kmftL{ lemSg]nfO{ elgof] eg] klg lk/ dfGb}g . nf af3, vf v'§L, Ps vfO{ ltt}, b'O{ vfO{ ltt}, cfdfsf] sfv c¿sf] nfv h:tf PseGbf Ps cfsif{s pvfg g]kfnL efiffsf ;DklQsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L g} ;'OFs'Rrf 7f]Sg', cfFvf lrlDng', 8fF8fsf] h'g,efn'sf] sGkf/f], cfFvfsf] gfgL, l;Fb'/ k'l5g' h:tf cg]s pvfgåf/f g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lns :j¿k kl/kf]lift 5 .

@=@=% eflifs e]b

g]kfnL efiffsf If]qLo, ;fdflhs / k|of]hgk/s e]bsf cg]s afGsLx? k|of]udf ljBdfg 5g\ . If]qLo e]bsf ¿kdf k'a]{nL, s]Gb|Lo -l;FhfnL_ / klZrdL e]bx¿ 5g\\ . ltgsf s]xL pbfx/0f o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

-s_ k'a]{nL e]b

-c_ zAb – a'OFgL…alxgLÚ,e'OF;L…e}+;LÚ, ufd\…ufpFÚ, pDnf] …cf}F+nf]Ú, nf};L …nK;L, efsf] …ePsf] Úcflb .

-cf_ jfSo – -s_ ofF d lg pFbsf]{ s'/f] ;DhG5' . …oxfF d lg pgLx¿sf] s'/f] ;DemG5' .Ú

-v_ xfd|f 3/fF sf] cfDg] xf] < …xfd|f 3/df sf] cfpg] xf] <Ú

-u_ 3/f dfG5 xf6kfO uof . …3/sf dfG5] xf6lt/ uP .Ú

-v_ s]Gb|Lo e]b

-c_ zAb –tf] …tFÚ, l5of ]…lyof]Ú, xfDdf] …xfd|f]Ú,h}yf] …h:tfÚ], Pxf]/L …o;/LÚ, u2fxDd …ubf{;DdÚ, t]Ovf] …To;sf]Ú cflb .

-cf_ jfSo – ltg'n] PNv} hfFnf x'Rof l5of t/ ufpF8fcf d:t} a'8fa'8L x|fF8L a}lsgL klg xlQof . …ltgn] PSn} hfpFnf ;f]r]sf lyP t/ ufpFdfsf w]/} a'9fa'9L /fF8L cfOdfO{ klg tof/ eP .Ú

-u_ klZrdL e]b

-c_ zAb – kg …klgÚ,OF …logL,Ú w]lsa]/ …b]v]/Ú,

lemSs} … w]/}Ú, e'00f'  …eGg' , emfg' …hfgÚ', Ohf…cfdfÚ, pg/f]] …pgsf]Ú, xd\ … xfdLÚ, t" …tÚFcflb .

-cf_ jfSo – 3/dfO{ ;DklQ xf]Oal/ n} b]jL /d0ff r]nfr]nL gfOYof . …3/df ;DklQ eP/ klg b]jL /d0fsf 5f]/f5f]/L lyPgg\ .Ú

If]qLo e]bsf cg]s pke]bx¿ 5g\ / tLdWo] s]xLsf] cWoog eP klg ;du| cWoog cem} x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn aflx/ bflh{lnª, l;lSsd, b]x/fb'g, e'6fg, adf{ cflbdf klg g]kfnL efiff af]lng] ePsfn] ToxfFsf If]qLo e]bx¿ klg cWoogLo 5g\ .

g]kfnL efiffsf ;fdflhs e]bx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . pRr juL{o ;De|fGt ju{ / ;fdfGo hgtfsf] efiffdf km/s 5 . pRr ju{df ;'Snf, lhpgf/, kfpkf];, alS;G5, e'hf cflb h:tf zAb k|rlnt 5g\ eg] ;fdfGo hgtf ;'tfO, vfgf, h'Qf, lbG5, eft h:tf zAb k|of]u ub{5g\ . lzlIft JolQmx¿ sGof,k|df0f,s[i0f,ljBf pRrf/0f u5{g\ eg] ;fdfGo JolStx¿ sGg], kdf{g, ls:g, la2] eG5g\ . o:t} j}i0fjx¿ t/sf/Lsf lglDt ;fu / vfgfsf lglDt k|;fb zAb k|of]u ub{5g\ . pd]/ cg';f/ s]6fs]6Lx¿ lrrL, kfkf, dfd, g'g', t]t] h:tf zAb af]N5g\ eg] k|f}9x¿ ltg}nfO{ df;', /f]6L, eft, lgb|f, t]n eGb5g\ . hft, wd{, lnË cflbsf cfwf/df klg s]xL leGg eflifs e]b kfOG5g\ .

;flxTo, sfg'g, pBf]u ,jfl0fHo, k|zf;g, lj1fg, k|ljlw, lzIff cflbsf k|of]hgsf lglDt cfkm\g} k|sf/sf kfl/eflifs k|fljlws zAbx¿ / ljifo cg';f/sf pko'Qm jfSox¿ k|of]u ul/G5g\ . g]kfnL efiffsf ljifotut k|o'lStsf ljleGg df}lns 9fFrf rng rNtLdf 5g\ . sfg'gdf nfdf jfSox¿ k|of]u ul/G5g\ eg] lj1fgdf To:tf jfSox¿ k|o'Qm x'Fb}gg\ . ;flxTodf nfIfl0fs / Joª\UofTds cleJolQm ck]lIft x'G5 eg] sfg'g, lj1fg, jfl0fHodf cg]sfyL{ cleJolQm pko'Qm x'Fb}g . g]kfnL efiffsf oL k|o'lStsf ;fy} cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s e]bx¿ klg 5g\ . 3/df elgg] bfh'efO  /efif0fdf elgg] …bfh'efOÚ sf] cy{ km/s 5 . sIffsf]7f, ;Dd]ng / ;df/f]x tyf 3/fo;L sfddf k|o'St efiff leGg x'g] x'Fbf g]kfnL efiffn] To;df klg cfkm"nfO{ ljsl;t t'NofpFb} nu]sf] 5 .

pko'{Qm ;du| eflifs e]bsf] ;dli6 g} g]kfnL efiff xf] . ctM g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lns :j¿ksf] lgdf{0fdf g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qsf ef}uf]lns ljz]iftf, ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf ljljw kIf / 1fg lj1fgsf ljleGg zfvfsf] ;dfj]lztf klg k|f;ª\lus x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

$= lgisif{

g]kfnL efiff ljZjsf cfw'lgs efiffx¿ ;/xs} df}lns ljz]iftfn] o'Qm efiff xf] . o;sf Oltxf;, ;+/rgf / k|of]usf ljleGg kIfdf df}lnstf cGtlg{lxt 5 . o;sf WjlgtflTTjs, j0f{tflTTjs, ¿kut / Jofs/l0fs ;+/rgfdf cg]s df}lns j}lzi6o ljBdfg 5g\ . o;sf] zAb  e08f/df tT;d, tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbx¿sf] ld>0f /x] klg tb\ej zAbx¿sf] afx'No 5 . pvfg ,6'Ssf , cg's/0ffTds zAb / lgkftx¿n] o;sf] df}lns kIfnfO{ hLjGt agfpg d2t u/]sf 5g\ . o; efiffn] klg cGo efiffx¿n] em}+ ljleGg If]qLo, ;fdflhs / k|of]hgk/s e]bx¿sf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cfkm\gf zAbsf]z, Jofs/0f / jfª\dosf ljleGg u|Gy k|sflzt 5g\ . b]zsf w]/} JolStx¿sf] dft[efiff / bf];|f] efiffsf ;fy} Ps k|d'v /fi6«efiffsf ¿kdf /x]sf] oxL efiff g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff xf] . lzIff, ;~rf/, sfg'g, jfl0fHo, lj1fg, k|ljlw cflb ljleGg If]qdf o;sf] k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;+/rgfut :t/f]Gglt / k|sfo{ut lj:tf/ b'a}lt/ b[li6 nufpFbf cfw'lgs ;dfhsf eflifs If]qsf xfFsx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] zlSt o;n] ;~ro ub}{ uPsf] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ s[lt ;"rL 

clwsf/L, x]dfË/fh -@)^@_, ;fdflhs / k|fof]lus efiff lj1fg, t]=;+=, sf8df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/ .

clgjfo{ g]kfnL ljifo ;ldlt, lq=lj=lj=,kf =lj= s] -@)^^_, clgjfo{ g]kfnL lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .

cfrfo{, j|t/fh -@)$*_, xfd|f] efiff, lå=;+=, sf7df8f}F M j|t/fh cfrfo{ .

lu/L, hLj]Gb| b]j -@)^#_, efiff lj1fg, efiff / eflifsf, ============== sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S; l8l:6«Ao'6;{ k|f= ln= .

===================== -@)^&_, …eflifs ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfoÚ,gjo'u, @)M!!–!@, k[= %*–^) .

uf}td, b]jLk|;fb -@)$(_, g]kfnL efiff kl/ro, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .

=================== / k|]dk|;fb rf}nfufO{+ -@)^&_, efiff lj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M kf7\o ;fdu|L k;n .

7fs'/, uf]kfn -@)^&_, …b]jsf]6fsf] efiff / eflifs lrGtgÚ, j}rfl/s cfnf]sdf dxfslj b]jsf]6f, ;Dkf= b]jL g]kfn, sf7df8f}F M k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3 .

g]skf -Pdfn]_ -@)%$_, hflt, efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xfd|f] gLlt, sf7df8f}+ M s]Gb|Lo sfof{no .

g]kfn …ofqLÚ, k"0f{k|sfz -@)#(_, …xfn;Dd k|fKt ePsfdWo] ;j{k|frLg g]kfnL clen]vÚ,klRr; jif{sf eflifs rrf{, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, k[= (^–!)) .

kf]v/]n, afns[i0f -@)$^_, /fi6«efiff, kfF=;+= sf7df8f}+ ;femf k|sfzg

=============== -@)%)_, kfFr ;o jif{, t]=;+=, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .

kf]v/]n, afns[i0f / cGo, ;Dkf= -@)$)_, g]kfnL  a[xt\ zAbsf]z, sf7df8f} M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .

k|l>t, df]bgfy -@)^@_, ljrf/ / cGt;{DaGw, sf7df8f}+ M au/ kmfpG8]g, g]kfn .

aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)^#_, g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ, sf7df8f}F, ;femf k|sfzg .

================ -@)%#_, efiff lj1fg, ;f=;+=, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .

a/fn, s[i0fxl/ / g]q P6d -@)^$_, clgjfo{ g]kfnL, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .

zdf{, df]xg/fh -@)%#_, zAb /rgf / j0f{ ljGof;, sf7df8f}F M gjLg k|sfzg .

zdf{, df]xg /fh / s[i0fxl/ a/fn -@)%@_, efiff lj1fg / g]kfnL efiff, lå= ;+=, sf7df8f}F M gjLg k|sfzg .

Kuo, eddie c.y. (?) Language Policy and Nation Building in a ,ulti ettnic society : The case Singapore Model, http. www.google.com