eflifsf, If]qLo eflifsf / ;fdflhs eflifsf
eflifsf,
If]qLo eflifsf / ;fdflhs eflifsf
!= eflifsf
eflifsfnfO{ lrgfpg lgDg lnlvt s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' pko'St
x'g] 5 M
!=! eflifs e]bsf ¿kdf eflifsf
eflifsf eg]sf] s'g} efiffsf] ef}uf]lns jf
;fdflhs e]b xf] . ef}uf]lns e]bnfO{ g} If]qLo e]b elgG5 . efiffsf cGo k|sf/sf
e]bx? x'g] eP tfklg log} b'O{ e]bnfO{ eflifsf eGg] ul/G5 . cem eflifsfsf ¿kdf
;'?b]lv lrlgFb} cfPsf] t If]qLo eflifsf g} xf] / ;'? ;'?df eflifsfsf] cWoog
o;}df s]lGb|t /x\of] t/ jt{dfg ljZjdf ;fdflhs eflifsfn] klg plTts} dxTTj kfPsf]
5 . efiffsf cGo k|sf/sf e]bx? klg x'G5g\ . h:t}Ù ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gL e]b, k|zf;lgs e]b, jfl0fHo ;DaGwL e]b,
lj1fg k|ljlw ;DaGwL e]b cflb . t/ lognfO{ eflifsf geg]/ k|o'lSt (Register)elgG5 . eflifsfsf] cWoog eflifsf lj1fg(Dialectoloy)n] ub{5 .
=@=pTklQsf sf/0f
-s_ ef}uf]lnstf
-v_;Dks{sf] sdL
-u_jStfx?sf] ;ª\Vof
-3_;dosf] cGt/fn
-ª_efiffåLksf] l:ylt
-r_ a;fO ;/fO
-5_ax'eflifstf
-h_ ;fdflhs cj:yf
-em_ /fhg}lts cj:yf
!=# efiff / eflifsfdf leGgtf
efiff / eflifsfsf leGgtfnfO{ lgDg cg';f/
k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ s'g} efiffsf
If]qLo /
;fdflhs e]bx? eflifsf x'g\ eg] ljleGg eflifsfx?sf] ;dli6 efiff xf] . g]kfnLsf k'a]{nL, dfemfnL,
cf]/klR5df, demklR5df / k/klR5df e]bx? eflifsf x'g\ eg] ltgsf] ;dli6 efiff xf] .
-v_ eflifsfx?
k/:k/ af]wuDo x'G5g\ eg] efiff efiffsf lar k/:k/ af]wuDotf /xFb}g .
-u_
efiffsf] If]q To;sf eflifsfsf] eGbf Jofks x'G5 .
-3_ eflifsfsf] k|of]u k|foM sYodf ;Lldt x'G5
eg] efiffsf] k|of]u sYo / n]Vo b'a}df x'G5 .
=-ª_ efiffsf] lj:tf/af6 eflifsfsf] hGd x'G5
eg] eflifsf ljsl;t eP/ efiff klg aGb5g\ .
-r_eflifsf
sYo ¿kdf /xg] ePsfn] kl/jt{gsf] ult tLj| x'G5 eg] efiffsf] n]Vo ¿ksf sf/0f kl/jt{gsf] ult ck]Ifs[t dGb
x'G5 .
-5_
;fdfGotM eflifsfsf] :t/Lo e]bnfO{ efiff eGg] ul/G5 / k|zf;g, ;~rf/, lzIff
cflbdf To;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 tfklg :t/Lo e]b klg Ps k|sf/sf] eflifsf g} xf] .
!=$ eflifsf lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/
eflifsf lgwf{/0fsf
d'Vo cfwf/x? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
-s_ af]wuDotf
af]wuDotf eflifsf
lgwf{/0fsf] Ps k|d'v cfwf/ dflgG5 . s'g} Pp6f efiffsf b'O{ e]b af]Ng]x?n] Ps
csf{sf] s'/f a'‰5g\ eg] tL b'O{n] af]Ng] e]bx? Pp6} efiffsf eflifsfx? sxnfpF5g\
eg] Ps csf{sf s'/f a'‰b}gg\ eg] tL leGg leGg efiff dflgG5g\ . cem s] klg egfO 5
eg] s'g} efiffsf] e]bdf %) k|ltzteGbf
clws af]wuDotf 5 eg] Tof] ;DalGwt efiffsf] eflifsfdf ;d]l6G5 t/ To;eGbf sd
a'lemG5 eg] Tof] cnu} efiff dflgG5 . *! k|ltzteGbf a9L zAbx? af]wuDo eP eg]
s'g} af]nL ;DalGwt eflifsfsf] ;Ldfleq k5{ eGg] dfGotf cd]l/sfnL +ef/tLo efiffsf
;Gbe{df :jfb];n] agfPsf] kfOG5 t/ of] dfGotf klg ;j{q nfu' x'g ;s]g . To;}n]
af]wuDotfsf] dfqf ls6\g] sfddf hl6ntf /xg uPsf] 5 tfklg eflifsf lgwf{/0fdf of] w]/}
dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
-v_ ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ tyf /fli6«otf
af]wuDotf sd eP
klg ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ / /fli6«otfnfO{ Vofn u/]/ sltko eflifs e]bx?nfO{ Pp6}
efiffsf eflifsf dflgPsf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf cjwL, a3]nL, 5QL;u9L cflb lxGbLsf
eflifsf sxnfpg' clg rLgdf Sofg6f]g, xfSsf, pm / dGbfl/glar sd af]wuDotf eP/ klg
Pp6} efif;Fu ;DalGwt eflifsf dflgg'sf] sf/0f ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ / /fli6«otf g} xf]
.
-u_ /fhg}lts ;Ldf
Pp6} efiffsf
e]bx?df k/:k/ af]wuDotf eP klg leGg leGg /fhg}lts ;Ldf 5 eg] cnu cnu efiffsf
¿kdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf] klg kfOG5 . h:t}Ù lxGbL / pb"{ tyf s'dfpgL /
8f]6\ofnLsf lar k/:k/ af]wuDotf eP klg tL a]Unfa]Un} efiffsf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5g\ .
efiffljb\ DofS; j]gl/rsf] dfld{s egfO 5, Æefiff eg]sf] ;]gf / hn;]gf ;lxtsf] eflifsf xf] .æ
@=If]qLo eflifsf
If]q jf
e"uf]ndf cfw[t eflifs e]b g} If]qLo eflifsf xf] . To;}n]] of] vf; :yfgdf a:g] vf; JolStx? jf PseGbf a9L JolStx?sf]
;d'bfon] af]Ng] eflifsf xf] . eflifsfsf]
s'/f ubf{ sltkon] If]qLo e]bnfO{ g} eflifsfsf ¿kdf lnG5g\ . eflifs e"uf]n(Linguistic Geography), eflifsf e"uf]n(Dialect Geography), If]q efiff lj1fg(Area Linguistics ), If]qLo efiff lj1fg(Areal Linguistics ) cflb ;a}sf] ;DaGw If]qLo eflifsf;Fu
5 . ljs6 kxf8, cuDo lxd z[ª\vnf, ljzfn
d?e"ld, kf/ ug{ sl7g gbL / ;fu/, 3gf hª\un cflbsf sf/0f cfjfudg / ;Dks{df
cfpg] sdLn] ubf{ Pp6} efiff af]Ng]x?sf af]nLdf cg]stf cfpF5 / If]qLo eflifsfsf]
hGd x'G5 . g]kfndf af]lng] g]kfnL, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf?, tfdfª, g]jf/, cjwL,
du/, lnDa", /fO{, u'?ª cflb efiffsf ljleGg If]qLo eflifsf 5g\ .
@=! efiff, eflifsf, pkeflifsf /
JolSt af]nL
= eflifsfn] Psflt/ efiffsf] ;LdfnfO{ :kz{
ub{5 eg] csf{lt/ JolSt af]nL;Dd kx'Fr /fVt5 . s'g} Ps eflifs If]qdf a:g] PseGbf
a9L JolStx?sf] af]nLaf6 eflifsfsf] cl:tTj b]vf kb{5 . JolSt af]nLaf6 pkeflifsf / pkeflifsfaf6
eflifsf aGb5g\ / ltgsf] ;du|tf efiff sxnfpF5 . JolStn] s'g} Ps lgwf{l/t ;dodf
af]Ng] af]nL g} JolSt af]nL xf] . JolStaf]nLnfO{ JolSt eflifsf klg elgPsf]
kfOG5 .
@=@ If]qLo eflifsfsf] cWoog
;DalGwt
eflifsfsf Wjlg, ¿k, jfSo, cy{ / zAbfjnLsf] cfwf/ lnP/ ljleGg JolStx?n]
af]Ng] af]nLaf6 tYox?sf] ;ª\sng ub}{ eflifsfsf :yfgLo ljz]iftfsf] cWoog ul/G5 . k|ZgfjnL, WjGofª\sg oGq cflb cfjZos
;fdu|L / ;xof]uLx? lnP/ cWoog If]qdf k'luG5 . tYo ;ª\sngsf nflu pko'St :yfg /
;"rsx?sf] rog ul/G5 / k|Zg, cGtjf{tf{, lg/LIf0f, cjnf]sg, ljdz{, df}lvs
;fdu|Lsf] WjGofª\sg cflbaf6 tYox?sf] ;ª\sng ul/G5 . tYox?nfO{ s]nfP/
eflifsfx?sf ;dfgtf / c;dfgtfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . eflifsfsf] cWoog j0f{gfTds,
t'ngfTds jf P]ltxfl;s h'g;'s} k4ltn] klg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;"rsx?nfO{ k|ZgfjnL
k7fP/ tYofª\sx?sf] ;ª\sng ug]{ k/Dk/f klg /x]sf] 5 t/ If]qsfo{af6 ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug'{ g} pQd dflgG5
.
@=# eflifsf lg/Gt/tf
eflifsf lg/Gt/tf (Dialect
continuum) If]qLo eflifsfsf] cWoogdf Ps dxTTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ;Ldf
hf]l8Psf If]qdf Ps If]qsf jStfn] af]n]sf] eflifsf csf]{ If]qsf] jStfn] a'‰g]
l:ylt eflifsf lg/Gt/tf xf] . hlt lgs6tf plt af]wuDotf cvl08t x'g'df eflifs
tTTjx?sf] ;dfgtfsf] dfqf a9L x'g' :jfefljs 5 . o;/L g} hlt b"/tf plt
af]wuDotf vl08t x'Fb} hfg'df klg eflifs tTTjx?sf] lje]btfsf] dfqf a9L x'g' xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 5 .
@=$ ;defiff+z /]vf, ;lDdng If]q, ;Ldfª\sg / gS;fª\sg
;defiff+z /]vfx?(Isoglosses)
eg]sf
eflifs If]q 5'6\ofpg] sfNklgs /]vfx? x'g\ . cWoogdf k|of]u ePsf Wjlg, ¿k, jfSo,
cy{, zAb cflb eflifs tTTjsf cfwf/df o:tf /]vf sf]l/G5g\ . oL /]vf Hofldltsf
h:tf dl;gf geP/ df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf eflifs
If]q ;ª\s]t ug]{ /]vfx? x'g\ . jf:tjdf b'O{ jf a9L efiffx?sf] ldng x'g] ;lDdng If]qdf ljleGg eflifs tTTjsf cfWff/df
sf]l/Psf] o:tf /]vfx?sf] u'h'N6f] b]vf kb{5 .
;lDdng If]q klg y/L y/Lsf x'G5g\ . s'g}df Ps efiffsf tTTjx? csf]{ efiffsf If]qdf k/ k/;Dd
k'u]sf x'G5g\ eg] s'g}df j/} /x]sf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu gbLsf] k'n ePsf
7fpFdf cfjfudgsf] ;'ljwfn] tL k/ k/ k'Ug ;S5g\ eg] ;f] ;'ljwf gePsf 7fpFdf j/}
/f]lsG5g\ . oL /]vfx?sf cfwf/df ;Ldfª\sg ub}{ eflifsf If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ gS;f
tof/ ul/G5 .
@=% cWoogsf] k|of]hg
If]qLo eflifsfsf]
cWoogaf6 eflifs If]q t nfeflGjt x'g] g}
eof], gLlt lgdf{tfx? klg nfeflGjt x'G5g\ . o;sf cfwf/df ;DalGwt eflifsfsf
ljz]iftf k|sfzdf cfpF5g\ / jfª\don] sf]z Jofs/0f nufotsf ;fdu|L k|fKt ug{ ;S5
. eflifsfsf] j:t'lgi7 / j}1flgs ;j]{If0f Pjd\
;Ldfª\sgsf ;fy} jStfx?sf] l:ylt klg yfx x'Gf] x'gfn] o;df /fhg}lts, cfly{s,
;f+:s[lts, ;fdl/s, s"6g}lts / ;dfh zf:qLo dxTTj cGtlg{lxt 5 . eflifsfsf
jStfx?df cfTd;Ddfg hufpFb} k/:k/ Pstf / ;';DaGw :yfkgfdf klg o;n] of]ubfg ud{5
.
#=;fdflhs eflifsf
;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"x jf ju{x?n] af]Ng] eflifsf g} ;fdflhs eflifsf xf] . ;fdflhs
ju{, hfthflt, wd{, lnª\u, lzIff, a;fOsf] l:ylt, pd]/, kbk|lti7f, cf}krfl/stf
cflbsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs eflifsfsf e]bx?
pTkGg x'G5g\ . If]qLo eflifsfdf Pp6} tx / lbzf /xG5 eg] ;fdflhs eflifsfdf cg]s txsf e]bx? /xG5g\ . To;}n] ;dtnLo(Horizontal) ljljwtf /xg]
If]qLo eflifsfeGbf txLo(Verticle) ljljwtf /xg] ;fdflhs eflifsf hl6n / ax' cfoflds dflgG5 .
o;df ;dfhsf] agf]6df hlt w]/} ljljwtf 5
plt g} a9L eflifsfut ljljwtf kfpg ;lsG5 . s:tf] JolStn] sxfF a;]/ sf];Fu s'/f
ub}{ 5 eGg] s'/fn] ;fdflhs eflifsfdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 / s'/fsfgLdf
tbg'¿k pRrf/0f, zAb rog, z}nL / ljifoj:t'sf] k|ltkfbg x'G5 . ;fdflhs
eflifsfsfnfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df lgDg cg';f/ juL{s[t ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
#=! ;fdflhs ju{sf] cfwf/
pRr ;De|fGt ju{ /
lgDg ju{sf] eflifsfdf cGt/ /xG5 . h:t}Ù
pRr ju{ M a'af e'hf
lhpgf/ ul/ alS;G5 .
lgDg ju{ M af eft
vfG5g\ .
#=@ hfthfltsf] cfwf/
tyfslyt pRr
hfthfltsf JolSt / blnt / lgDg 7flgPsf hfthfltsf JolStn] k|of]u u/]sf eflifsfdf
cGt/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}Ù
tyfslyt pRr hfthflt
M nf]xf/, x\ofF cfOh .
blnt / tyfslyt lgDg hfthflt
M afa' ;fx]a, otf kfNg' xf];\ .
#=# wd{sf] cfwf/
af}4, lxGb',
O;fO{, d';ndfg cflb ljleGg wdf{jnDaL JolStx?n] k|of]u ug]{ eflifsfdf cfcfˆg}
ljz]iftf x'G5g\ . h:t}Ù
af}4 M d lgTo
ljxf/df hfG5' .
lxGb' M d lgTo
dlGb/df hfG5' .
O;fO{ M d 8]nL rr{df
hfG5' .
d';ndfg M d x/ /f]h
dl:hbdf hfG5' .
lxGb'x?n] ;+:s[t ;|f]tsfsf, O;fO{x?n] cª\u]|hL ;|f]tsf
/ d';ndfgx?n] c/aL kmf/;L ;|f]tsf zAbx?sf] a9L k|of]u ub{5g\ / cGo eflifs
ljz]iftfaf6 klg k|efljt /x]sf kfOG5g\ .
#=$lzIffsf] cfwf/
k9]n]v]sf / k9n]v
gu/]sf JolStsf eflifsfdf cGt/ /xG5 . h:t}Ù
lzlIft M pxfFn]
ljBfaf/] k|sfz kfg'{ eof] .
;fdfGo M x\jfFn]
lab\b]baf/] ksf{; kfg'{ eof] .
#=%pd]/sf] cfwf/
afnaflnsf /
k|f}9sf eflifsfdf cGt/ /xG5 . h:t}Ù
afnaflnsf M afFsf]
a'a' vfG5' .
k|f}9 M ufO{sf] b'w
vfG5' .
#=^ a;fOsf] l:yltsf] cfwf/
s'g} JolSt ;x/ jf
ufpF s:tf] kl/j]zdf a:5 eGg] cfwf/df klg eflifs e]b b]vf k5{ . ;x/df a:g]x?
k|foM :t/Lo eflifsfsf] k|of]u u5{g\ eg] ufpFdf a:g]x? cfcfˆg} kl/j]zsf] eflifsf
af]N5g\ . h:t}Ù
ufpFn] M sfF6 cfof}
h]7f x\ofF <
;xl/of M sxfFaf6
cfof} h]7f oxfF <
#=& kb k||lti7f jf zlStsf] cfwf/
kb k|lti7f jf
zlStsf sf/0fn] eflifsfut e]b b]vf k5{ . h:t}Ù
xflsd M ;Gt], lrof
Nof .
lkog M x;\, xh'/ .
#=* lnª\usf] cfwf/
k'?if / :qLn]
k|of]u ug]{ eflifsfdf klg leGgtf b]vf k5{ . h:t}Ù
klt M ;'zLnf, tF
3/df a;\ .
kTgL M /fd'sf af,
tkfO{+ 3/df a:g' xf];\ .
#=( cf}krfl/stfsf] cfwf/
cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s k|of]un] eflifsfdf
leGgtf pTkGg x'G5 . ;ef ;df/f]x, a}7s cflbdf :t/Lo / cf}krfl/s eflifsfsf]
k|of]u x'G5 eg] 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?,
;fyLefO cflb;Fusf s'/fsfgLdf cgf}krfl/s eflifsfsf] k|of]u x'G5 . h:t}Ù
;df/fxsf] ;~rfns M
k|d'v cltlyHo"nfO{ cf;g u|x0f ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5' .
;fdfGo s'/fsfgLsf]
jStf M tkfO{+ cfˆgf 7fpFdf a:gf];\ .
%=;dfkg
efiffsf e]bsf ¿kdf /x]sf If]qLo / ;fdflhs
eflifsfdf s'g} klg efiffsf dxTTjk"0f{ cd"No ;fdu|L ;'/lIft /x]sf
x'G5g\ . logsf] cWoog / hfgsf/Laf6 /fi6« / ;dfh ljz]if ¿kdf nfeflGjt x'G5 .
eflifsf eg]sf] lgDg txsf] eflifs cleJolSt / efiff eg]sf] pRr txsf] cleJolSt xf]
eGg] e|d klg stfslt /x]sf] kfOG5 t/ eflifs b[li6df ;+;f/sf] h'g;'s} efudf xf];\
, ;x/df jf ufpFdf, d}bfgdf jf kxf8df, d?e"lddf jf 6fk'df, b/af/df
jf 5fk|fdf hxf;'s} af]lng] eP klg ;a} eflifs e]b cd"No 5g\ . ltgsf]
;+/If0f, cGj]if0f / ;+jw{g xfd|f] bfloTj
xf] .
|
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