g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTodf em/f]{ g]kfnL
g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTodf em/f]{ g]kfnL
!=
k[i7e"ld
g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTodf em/f]{jfbL
cfGbf]ng lgs} rlr{t 5 . …‘gf}nf] kfOnf]’
-@)!@_ gfds klqsfaf6 of] cfGbf]ng ;fj{hlgs ePsf] lyof] . efiffdf g]kfnLkgf /
ljrf/df k|ultzLntf o;sf dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftf lyP . em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ng
cfpg'clu …uf]/vfkqsf] n]Vo g]kfnL efiff / bflh{lnªaf6 k|sflzt …‘uf]/v] va/
sfut\’ sf] :yfgLo sYo
efiffnfO{ lnP/ kf/;dl0f k|wfg / uÍfk|;fb k|wfgaLr ljjfb rn]sf] kfOG5 . oL b'j}
klqsf lj=;+= !(%* jf O=;+=!()! df k|sflzt ePsf lyP . …‘;'Gb/L’ -!(^#_ df k|sflzt jL/]Gb|s]z/L
cof{nsf] sfJoefiff– ljifos n]v / ‘…dfwjL’
-!(^%_ df k|sflzt /fddl0f cf=bL= sf] xnGt alxisf/;DaGwL n]vn] klg efiffsf]
ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df ljz]if dxŒj /fVt5g\ . x]d/fh kf08]sf] …‘rlGb|sf’
gfds g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf] k|sfzgkl5 sYo / n]Vo tyf xnGt alxisf/ / To;lj?4sf] ljjfb
yfGsf] nfu]sf lyP . 6g{/sf] ‘…P sDKof/]l6e PG8 b Ol6df]nf]lhsn l8S;g/L ckm b g]kfnL
Nofª\Uj]h’ -O= !(#!_ df
hglha|f]sf] efiffsf ¿kdf em/f]{ g]kfnLnfO{ dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . dxfgGb ;fksf]6f,
k'is/zdz]/ / afns[i0f ;daf6 klg em/f]{jfbn] k|]/0ff k|fKt u/]]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm lj=;+=@))& sf] kl/jt{gkl5sf] /fli6«o hfu/0f, k|ultzLn n]vs ;Î -@))(_
sf] hgd'vL ;flxTol;h{gfsf] cleofg tyf r]tgzLn o'jfju{sf] gjLg pT;fx klg em/f]{
g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf lglDt pTk|]/0ffsf ;|f]t ag]sf x'g ;Qm5g\ . ljàdf
b]vf k/]sf] d'lQm / :jfwLgtfsf] nx/af6 klg of] k|efljt /èf]
.
em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf]
k[i7e"ldaf/] o;} cfGbf]ng;Fu ufFl;Psf sf]z/fh /]UdL -@)%( M #!)_ n] o:tf]
n]v]sf 5g\ M ‘ljZjdf cg]sf}F ljifodf csf{sf] lyrf]ldrf]lj?4 cfGbf]ng eO/x]sf]
a]nf bf];|f] ljào'4kl5 ef/t, g]kfn /
cGo cg]sf}F Pl;of, clk|msf / Nofl6g cd]l/sfnL d'n'sdf cfcfÇgf
cfjZostfsf ljifodf csf{sf] bafaaf6 d'Qm x'g cfGbf]ng eO/x]sf] a]nf g]kfnL
efiffdf cgfjZos x]kfO / lyrf]ldrf]sf lj?4 st} efiffsf08 x'g nfu], st} em/f]{
g]kfnL cfGbf]ng x'g nfUof] . of] Pp6f /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}d If]qflwsf/ lyof] . o:tf
jf p:tf cfGbf]ngdf /fi6«efifL nfUb5g\, alnbfg lbG5g\ t/ /fHo;Qf cfk}Fm
d"sbzL{ x'G5 jf bafpg] sfddf nfUb5 . o;} k|lqmofdf em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ng
hGDof] . efg'eQm, df]tL/fd, dxfgGb / logsf ;xof]uL Pjd\ ;dy{sn] yfn]sf]
cfGbf]ng agf/;df k9\g a;]sf g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿n] )!# ;fnb]lv hg;f+:s[lts ;ef, r}gk'/sf]
q}dfl;s klqsf …‘gf}nf] kfOnf]’
h:tf k|sfzgaf6 / )!$ ;fnsf] efiffsf08 h:tf cfGbf]ngaf6 ;+jw{g ePsf] xfdL
kfpF5f}F .’
‘…gf}nf] kfOnf]’
sf Ps ;zQm cfwf/:tDesf ¿kdf /x]sf sf]z/fh /]UdLsf] pko'{Qm ;f/k"0f{ egfOn]
Ps dxfg\ p2]Zosf ;fy g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf;df yk pNn]Vo kfOnf] aÙ …‘gf}nf]
kfOnf]’ 6'k'lNsPsf] b]lvG5 .
efg'eQm, df]tL/fd cflbn] g]kfnL efiffk|lt b]vfPsf] df]xk|lt gtd:ts x'Fb}
g]kfnsf cTolws hgtfsf] af]nL ag]sf] g]kfnL efiffsf] pTyfg ug]{ c;n p2]Zo o;n]
lnPsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] t em/f]{ jf 7]6 g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u o;sf] k|efjzfnL
gf/f aGof] . o;n] ‘…zf/bf’ sf] ‘g]kfnL efiff
g]kfnLd} n]Vg'xf];\, ;+:s[t jf cª\u|]hLdf xf]Og’
gf/fnfO{ k5\ofof] . o;n] Psflt/ afh] -;+:s[tsf] cltzo kIf lng]_ / csf{lt/ …‘afh’
-lxGbL, cª\u|]hL cflbsf] a9L df]x ug]{_ b'j}sf lj?4 hfOnfUg] sfd u¥of] .
To;}n] r"8fdl0f /]UdL -@)%@ M!%%_ n]
7Ls} n]v]sf 5g\ M ‘ljb]zL efiffn] / ;+:s[t efiffn] g]kfnL efiffpk/ lyrf]ldrf]
u/]sf] cg'ej eof] . o;} lyrf]ldrf]sf lj/f]wdf cyf{t\ lxGbLafh, ;+:s[tafh /
cª\u|]hLafhsf lj/f]wdf agf/;af6 5flkPsf] r}gk'/] klqsf …‘gf}nf] kfOnf]’
q}dfl;sdf To; ;dodf aL=P= k9\b} u/]sf afns[i0f kf]v/]n / tf/fgfy zdf{sf
g]t[Tjdf g]kfnL efiffdf Pp6f ;zQm cfGbf]ng rNof], h;sf] gfpF xf]
em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ng .
jf:tjdf Toltv]/sf] g]]kfndf g]kfnL
efiffdf lvr8Lkg al9/x]sf] lyof] / afè
k|efjdf axlsg]x¿n] :jefiffsf] :j¿k laufl//x]sf lyP . oxL k[i7e"lddf g]kfnL
efiff / ;flxTodf em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ng :jefiff, :j/fi6« / :jhgsf] dfof ug]{ ;r]t
;d"xaf6 k|f/De ePsf] lyof] .
@= em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf] k|f/De
lj=;+= @)!@ df r}gk'/df hg;f+:s[lts
;efsf] u7g ePsf] lyof] . r}gk'/ g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ k"j{sf] ;ª\v'jf– ;ef
lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] ;efn] …‘gf}nf] kfOnf]’
q}dfl;s / cGo k|sfzgsf] sfd ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . To;n] …‘gf}nf] kfOnf]’
sf] ;Dkfbs d08nsf] rog u/]sf] lyof] . To;df k|wfg ;Dkfbsdf afns[i0f kf]v/]n,
k|sfzs / ;Dkfbsdf ;efsf dxfdGqL sf]z/fh /]UdL, ;Dkfbsdf ;b:oåo r"8fdl0f
/]UdL / r}gk'/sf k|ltlglw ?b|gfy zdf{ rog ePsf lyP eÙ] s'/f /]UdL -@)^$ M!#(_
n] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ . o;sf k|wfg ;Dkfbs, k|sfzs / cGo ;Dkfbsx¿ k"j{lg0f{ocg';f/
g} /x]sf lyP, t/ r"8fdl0f /]UdLsf :yfgdf eg] tf/fgfy zdf{nfO{ /flvPsf]
lyof] . tf/fgfy zdf{nfO{ r"8fdl0f /]UdLsf bfh' sf]z/fh /]UdL]n] cfÇgf
efO r"8fdl0f /]UdLsf 7fpFdf ;Dkfbgsf] bfloTj k|bfg u/]sf lyP . bfh'sf eQm
r"8fdl0f /]UdL :jo+n] To; sfdsf lglDt tf/fgfy zdf{nfO{ /fhL u/fpg ljz]if
k|oTg u/]sf lyP . o;/L r}gk'/df ul7t hg– ;f+:s[lts ;efsf] ;b:o geP klg tf/fgfy
zdf{ …‘gf}nf] kfOnf]’ sf ;Dkfbs aÙ k'u]sf
lyP .
To; klqsfsf] cfj/0fk[i7df n]lvPsf] lyof]
M ‘…em/f]{ g]kfnL s'/f, ;+:s[lt / ;flxTosf] gd'gf’
. o;/L lxGbL, kmf/;L, c/aL / cª\u|]hLsf cg]s zAbx¿sf ;fy} ;+:s[tsf a]rNtLsf
lSni6 zAbx¿sf] k|of]un] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ j0f{;Ë/ t'Nofpg yfn]kl5 em/f]{ g]kfnL
lnP/ …‘gf}nf] kfOnf]’ cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf
g]kfnL efiffdf lelqof] . …‘em/f]{’
sf] cy{ …‘7]6’ /x]sf] / hftLo
k|hggsf] ljz'l4sf lglDt …‘em/f]{ 5]qL’
sf] k|of]u ePe}Fm efiffdf ljz'l4sf] cfu|xsf lglDt o;sf] k|of]u ePsf] s'/f rrf{
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
‘…gf}nf] kfOnf]’
sf] ;Dkfbs d08ndf /x]sf rf/ hgfnfO{ /]UdL -@)^$ M !$)_ n] cfÇg}
k|sf/sf] d"NofËg u/]sf 5g\ . k|ultzLn ljrf/;Fu ufFl;Psf] ;f] klqsfsf k|wfg
;Dkfbs afns[i0f kf]v/]nnfO{ pgsf] ljåQfsf lglDt /]UdLn] dfS;{sf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\
. kf]v/]n g} em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf d"n k'?if x'g\ jf l;4fGtsf/ x'g\ eÙ]
pgsf] 7x/ 5 . pgn] ;f] l;4fGtnfO{ nfu" ug]{ sfddf jNnedl0f bfxfnsf] ljlzi6
e"ldsf /x]sfn] pgnfO{ k|ultzLn j}rfl/stfsf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg ug]{
n]lggsf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ . o;/L g} pgn] sf]z/fh /]UdLsf] sd{7tf / x}sdsf sf/0f
pgnfO{ :6flngsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ eg] afns[i0f kf]v/]nsf hAa/ ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf dL7f]
n]vgsf ;fy lgeL{s cleJolQm lbg] tf/fgfy zdf{nfO{ Pª\u]N;sf] ku/L u'yfPsf 5g\ .
;Dkfbs d08ndf g/x] klg r"8fdl0f /]UdL :jo+ o; cfGbf]ngsf Ps ;lqmo / ;zQm
JolQmTj x'g\, pgsf] n]vg, ;Dkfbg / k|sfzgaf6 em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngn] ljz]if
zlQm kfPsf] 5 .
‘…gf}nf] kfOnf]’
-@)!#_ sf] k|sfzgaf6 g]kfnsf ljleÙ efudf gofF ;Gb]z k|jflxt eof] . o;af6 ef/tsf
agf/;, bflh{lnª, cf;fd, l;lSsd cflbsf ;fy} e'6fg klg k|efljt eof] . To;n]
hgefiffdf lkmFhfPsf] hg– ;flxTo ;a}sf] cfsif{0fsf] ljifo aGof] .
#= em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf]
dfGotf
‘…gf}nf] kfOnf]’
sf ljleÙ cËx¿df cleJoQm ljrf/ clg ToxfF k|sflzt sljtf, syf, lgaGw, ;dLIff, n]v
cflb ljljw ljwfsf /rgfdf o;sf] dfGotf k|s6 ePsf] 5 . o; klqsfsf rf/ cË lj=;+=
@)!# df agf/;af6 k|sflzt eP eg] b'O{j6f cË ldnfOPsf] Ps ;+o'QmfË lj=;+= @)!$ df
sf7df8f}Faf6 k|sflzt eof] . klqsfsf cltl/Qm cGo cg]s klqsfx¿df klg em/f]{–
jfbLx¿n] cfÇgf] dfGotfnfO{ k|:t't
u/]sf 5g\ .
em/f]{jfbLx¿sf] dfGotfnfO{ e§/fO{ -@)^# M
@!_ n] ljefifL tT;d zAblj/f]wL l;4fGt, zAbcfk"lt{sf] l;4fGt, zAblgdf{0f
l;4fGt, pRrf/0f / lxHh];DaGwL l;4fGt / jfSo;DaGwL wf/0ffsf ¿kdf juL{s/0f u/L
ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ . ljefifL tT;d zAblj/f]wL l;4fGtsf ¿kdf pgn] !=
g]kfnL efiffdf lxGbL zAb k|of]usf] lj/f]w / @= g]kfnL efiffdf ck|rlnt ;+:s[t
zAbk|of]usf] lj/f]wnfO{ lnPsf 5g\ . jf:tjdf lxGbLsf …‘ls’,
‘…xfFnf ls’, ‘…r"Fls’,
‘…alNs’, ‘…Ol:tkmf’,
‘…afah'b’, …‘a'nfx6’
cflb zAbsf] k|of]u tyf ;+:s[tsf g]kfnL hghLjgdf grn]sf zAbx¿sf] k|of]uaf6
g]kfnL efiffdf b]vf k/]sf] cGo efiffsf] k|e'Tj / lSni6tf x6fpg' em/f]{jfbLx¿sf]
k|d'v nIo lyof] . Toltv]/ lxGbL, cª\u|]hL cflbsf k|efjdf k/]sf n]vsx¿ Tot}lt/
nxl;gfn] g]kfnL efiffsf] lghLkgf Ifltu|:t x'Fb} lyof] / /fi6«jfbL efjgfdf rf]6
k'Ug uPsf] lyof] eg] kl08tx¿sf] cltzo
;+:s[tk|]dn] ubf{ g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ‘…efiff’
sf ¿kdf xf]Rofpg] clg sl7g ;+:s[t zAb k|of]u ug]{ unt k|j[[lQ b]vf k/]sf] lyof]
. em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnL efiff– k|ltsf] k|]d hufpg / o;nfO{ hgaf]nL;Fu
ufF;]/ hglk|o t'Nofpg] gLltnfO{ clu ;fb}{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ sfd u¥of] .
k|frLg g]kfnLsf lal;{g yflnPsf zAbx¿sf]
k'gM k|of]u, cfuGt's / tT;d zAbdf g]kfnL k|Too, clg g]kfnLsf eflifsfx¿af6
zAbu|x0f em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf] csf]{ ljlzi6 kIf /èf]
. ‘…l;sf/’ sf nflu …‘P]/f’
-pbf= s'DesL /fgL P]/f uO5_, ‘…cd]l/sL’
sf nflu ‘…cd]l/sfnL’, …‘;DkfbsLo’
sf nflu …‘;DkfbSof}nL’, …‘k':ts’
sf nflu ‘kf]:ts’ h:tf cg]s zAb
em/f]{jfbL n]vgdf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . zAbdf g]kfnLkgf Nofpg] p2]Zon] ‘sTys]’
-syfsf/, syfjfrs_ ‘…s'/]’ -jQmf_, …‘5fkGt]’
-k|sfzs_, ‘…lyrf}6f]’ -sfutkq lyRg] ;fwg_,
‘cWofTd]’ -cfWoflTds_ h:tf
zAbx¿sf] lgdf{0f klg pgLx¿n] u/]sf] kfOG5 . zAb / lxHh]df klg em/f]{ g]kfnL
cfGbf]ngn] b[li6 k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . ;+:s[t jf cª\u|]hL h'g;'s} efiffaf6 cfPsf]
zAb eP klg To;sf] lxHh] g]kfnL pRrf/0fsf] cfwf/df x'g'k5{ eÙ] dfGotfnfO{ To;n]
cFufn]sf] kfOG5 . o; cfGbf]ngn] b]jgfu/L lnlksf] sdL, q'l6 / ;'wf/sf] ;DefjgfnfO{
klg clu ;f/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L g} jfSox¿ hf]8\g] ;+of]hssf ¿kdf …‘ls’
nfO{ x6fO{ g]kfnL ;+of]hs k|of]u ug]{ dfGotf klg o;n] clu ;f¥of] . cem sljtfdf
;d]t ‰ofp/], ;jfO{ cflb 5Gb n]Vg / zf:qLo 5Gbx¿df tT;dsf] ;f6f] g]kfnL– kgsf
zAbx¿ k|of]u ug]{ s'/fdf klg em/f]{jfbLx¿n] hf]8 lbP .
zdf{ -@)^$ M %$_ n] em/f]{jfbL
cfGbf]ngsf] dfGotfnfO{ :ki6 kfb}{ afè
efiffsf] k|efj /f]s]/ g]kfnLsf] cfÇgf]kgsf]
vf]hL / k|of]u, g]kfnL eflifs Joj:yf– cg';f/ zAblgdf{0f / jfSo9fFrfsf] k|of]u,
lxGbLnfO{ /fi6«efiff agfpg] cfjfh p7]sf a]nf g]kfnLsf] k|of]udf hf]8 h:tf o;sf
ljz]iftfsf] ;/fxgf u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] u|fDo efiffk|ltsf]
df]x, efiffdf oyf]lrt dfqfdf dfq cfudgnfO{ dxŒj lbg] gLlt, ;+:s[t g]kfnL
efiffsf] hggL xf] eGb}df ;a} zAb To;af6 lng' plrt 5}g eÙ] wf/0ff, cfuGt's
zAbx¿sf] lxHh] cGo g]kfnL zAbx¿sf cfwf/df 9fNg] rfxgf, efiffsf] k]jf
a]xf]/fnfO{ ufpFn] / kfv] eÙ] k|j[lQsf] v08g h:tf em/f]{jfbsf ljz]iftfk|lt klg
;sf/fTds b[li6 /fv]sf 5g\ .
em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ngsf sltko dfGotfx¿
clxn] nfu" ePsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ k5\ofpg] n]vsx¿sf n]vgdf b]vf k/]sf] ld7f;
cToGt nf]enfUbf] 5 . Zofdk|;fb, sdndl0f bLlIft, s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, df]xg/fh
zdf{ cflbsf] em/f]{ n]vgk|lt g]kfnL kf7ssf] ljz]if cfsif{0f kfOG5 . o;
cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnL zAbsf]z / Jofs/0fnfO{ klg k|efljt kfg{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
$= em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf]
k|efjlj:tf/
em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf] k|efj lj:tf/
x'g] qmddf g]kfn / g]kfnaflx/sf kqklqsfx¿df o;n] Jofkstf kfof] . sf7fdf8f}Faf6
k|sflzt x'g] ‘…k"mnkftL’
klqsfn] o;nfO{ cFufn]/ jNnedl0f bfxfn, tf/fgfy zdf{ cflb em/f]{jfbL n]vsx¿sf
n]vx¿ lgs} lkmFhfof] . afns[i0f kf]v/]n
/ tf/fgfy zdf{ qmdzM snsQf / k6gflt/ cWoogsf lglDt nfUg'kbf{ aGb ePsf] ‘…gf}nf]
kfOnf’ sf] em/f]{kgfsf] :jfb
lj=;+= @)@! df afns[i0f kf]v/]n / uÍfk|;fb k|wfgsf] ;DkfbsTjdf k|sflzt
…‘km"nkftL’ n] rvfPsf] lyof] .
o;/L g} g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt ePsf klqsfx¿dWo] lj/f6gu/sf ‘…hgjftf{’,
‘5xf/L’, ‘…a/uf5L’,
‘…lxdfnr'nL’, ‘…kfl/hft’
/ …‘sfkmn’, emfkfsf ‘…df]tL’,
‘…o'u1fg’, ‘…h'xL’
/ ‘…oyfy{ s'/f’ tyf Onfdsf] …‘;f}uft’
n] o; cfGbf]ngnfO{ ult k|bfg ug{ of]ubfg u/] . …‘g]kfnL’,
…‘h'g]nL’, ‘…g]/flj’,
‘…;]jf’, ‘…:jf:gLdfG5]’,
‘…¿k/]vf’ cflb klg em/f]{
g]kfnLsf b[li6n] k7gLo 5g\ . …‘¿k/]vf’
n] tfgf zdf{sf PseGbf Ps em/f]{jfbL n]vx¿ 5fk]sf / ‘em/f]{6/f]{’
:tDe rnfPsf] s'/f :d/0fLo 5 . afns[i0f kf]v/]nsf …‘o'u1fg’
;fKtflxsdf k|sflzt …‘ef;]nL ;'/]nL’
:tDesf n]vx¿, ;f]xL klqsfdf k|sflzt tf/fgfy zdf{, r"8fdl0f /]UdL /
hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{+sf eflifs n]vx¿, kf]v/]nsf ‘…dw'ks{’
df k|sflzt efiff;DaGwL n]vx¿df ljBdfg em/f]{kgf klg pNn]vgLo 5 . log} sltko
s'/flt/ b[li6 nufpFb} /]UdL -@)^$ M!$!_ n] cfÇgf
em/f]{jfbL ;xsdL{x¿af/] lj=;+= @)@) kl5 jfdkGy 5f8] klg em/f]{ g]kfnL
cfGbf]ngsf] eflifs kIfnfO{ 5f8]gg\ egL l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnaflx/ klg em/f]{jfbsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{
lkmFhfpg ljleÙ kqklqsfn] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . …‘5fq’,
…‘5fqb"t’, ‘…5fqjf0fL’,
‘…pbo’, ‘…bLks’,
‘…;Gb]z’ cflb To:tf klqsfx¿
x'g\, h;n] em/f]{jfbLx¿sf n]vx¿nfO{ dxŒj lbP/ 5fk] . vf; u/]/ agf/;d} k|f/Dedf
…‘gf}nf] kfOnf]’ 5flkPsfn] ToxfFsf
pko'{Qm klqsfx¿n] o; cfGbf]ngdf xft]dfnf] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngnfO{ clu a9fpg cfÇgf
l;h{gfsf dfWodaf6 of]ubfg ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] nfd} ;"rL tof/ x'g ;S5 .
…‘gf}nf] kfOnf]’ ;Fu ufFl;Psf
;flxTosf/x¿sf cltl/Qm dxfgGb ;fksf]6f, Zofdk|;fb, sdndl0f bLlIft, s[i0fk|;fb
k/fh'nL / df]xg/fh zdf{sf] gfd dfly pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . dxfgGb ;fksf]6fn]
hglha|f]jfb rnfpFb} em/f]{jfbLx¿sf s]xL dfGotf cfTd;ft\ u/]sf lyP eg] g]kfnL
hghLjgdf l/‰gleHg g;s]sf zAbsf] k|of]udf ljdlt hgfPsf lyP . Zofdk|;fbsf] …‘cfÇgf]
efiff, cfÇg} lgod’
-@)!&_ / cGo s[ltx¿, pgsf] ;Dkfbg / ;Nnfxdf k|sflzt ‘…;]jf’,
‘…;flxTo’ / …‘:Jff:gLdfG5]’
h:tf klqsfn] pgsf] g]kfnLkgfsf] n]vgsf] kl/ro lbG5g\ . sdndl0fåf/f ;Dkflbt
…‘g]kfnL’ klqsf / pgsf s[ltdf
kfOg] em/f]{ efiffsf] k|of]u pbfx/0fLo 5 . o;/L g} s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nLsf]
…‘/fd|f] /rgf dL7f] g]kfnL’
-@)@#_ n] k|:t't u/]sf] afGsL em/f]{ g]kfnLs} cfnf]sdf rlDsnf] ag]sf] 5 . pgsf]
;flxTo l;h{gfdf klg g]kfnL ;'uGw 5l/Psf] kfOG5 . df]xg/fh zdf{sf] ‘…zAb/rgf /
j0f{ljGof;’ -@)#^_ n] cFufn]sf]
eflifs ljZn]if0fdf em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] 5 .
oLafx]s s]jnk'/] ls;fg, dfwj eF8f/L, u0f]z e08f/L, ljlkgb]j 9'Í]n, zË/
rf}nfufO{+, afnd's'Gbb]j kf08], lzj/fh cfrfo{, jf;'b]j zdf{ n'OF6]n, gu]Gb|
zdf{, kf]if/fh lg/f}nf, lzjk|;fb e§/fO{, r"8fdl0f aGw', hgsk|;fb
x'dfufO{++ cflb s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf em/f]{jfbL n]vg / cfGbf]ng;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .
k|jf;af6 ;"o{ljqmd 1jfnL, kf/;dl0f k|wfg / /fds[i0f zdf{n] em/f]{
g]kfnLsf] pTyfgdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg klg clj:d/0fLo dflgPsf] 5 .
o; kª\lQmsf n]vsn] xfn} Zofdk|;fb,
sdndl0f bLlIft / s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL;Fu e]6jftf{ ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf] lyof] . pgLx¿
tLg} hgfn] em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ng gePsf] eP g]kfnL efiffsf] jt{dfg cj:yf g/xg]
ljrf/ JoQm ub}{ g]kfnLkgfsf] ;fy} /fli6«otfsf b[li6n] ;f] cfGbf]ng lgs}
dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf lyP . sltko zAblgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df eg]
c:jfefljstf / s[lqdtf b]vf k/]sfn] Tof] TofHo 5 eÙ] pgLx¿sf] /fo lyof] .
sdndl0fn] uf]kfn kfF8]sf] efiffJofs/0f tyf e]ifk|;fb zdf{ / k|]d/fh zdf{sf]
n]vgnfO{ klg em/f]{ g]kfnLsf] k[i7e"ldsf] rrf{ ubf{ :d/0f ug'{kg]{ ljrf/
JoQm u/]sf lyP eg] Zofdk|;fbn] k|];sf] cIf/df /]km - { _ x/fpFbf cfkm"n] …‘/\’
k|of]u ug'{k/]sf] k|;Í lnlksf] ;'wf/sf ¿kdf x]l/Psf] /f]rs s'/f lems]sf lyP .
afns[i0f kf]v/]n, tfgf zdf{, sf]z/fh /]UdL / r"8fdl0f /]UdLsf] em/f]{
cfGbf]ngk|ltsf] eflifs k|lta4tf lhpFsf ltpF 5 . cem r"8fdl0f /]UdL t
k|ultzLn ljrf/d} b[9 /xFb} eflifs n]vgk4ltdf klg df}lns lrGtgdf c8]sf] kfOG5 .
…‘h'xL’ sf dfWodaf6 /]UdL
-@)$( M#%)_ n] clu ;f/]sf] g]kfnL n]vgk4lt;DaGwL dfGotf o; k|sf/ 5 M
s= el/;Ss] zAb cnu n]Vg] .
v= yfngL / dfemdf …‘cL’,
‘…c'’ î:j
/ cGtdf bL/\3
n]Vg] .
u= …‘`’
n]Vg] 7fpF tf]Sg] -h:t} M s}`f, d}`f cflb_ .
3= …‘j, j’
n]Vg], …‘a, j’ xf]Og .
ª= …‘O{, pm, P, P]’
sf] ;f6f] ‘…cL, c", c], c}’
n]Vg] .
r= …‘?, ¿’
sf] ;f6f] ‘…/', /"’ n]Vg] .
5= ;+o'Qm Jo~hg j0f{ n]Vtf v'§f] sf6\g] jf
hf]8\g] . t/
v'§fdf, e'F8Ldf gxfNg] jf g d/\sfpg], g3'dfpg]
.
h= ‘…ª\,
g\, d\’ sf 7fpFdf lz/laGb'sf]
k|of]u gug]{ .
em= ;+:s[t zAbsf k|of]udf klg s]xL kIfdf
k'g/\ ljrf/ ug]{ .
`= xnGtsf] k|of]u 36fpg] .
oLdWo] sltko s'/fdf em/f]{jfbnfO{ cFufNg]
JolQmx¿ g} ;xdt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . Ps k|sf/sf] dfgs n]vg :yflkt eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf
To;nfO{ vnaNofpg gx'g] ljrf/ w]/}lt/af6 JoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . /]UdL eg] cfÇgf
ljrf/df cl8u 5g\ . pgn] l;4fGtdf dfq geO{ cfÇgf
k':ts / klqsfdf ;d]t To;nfO{ k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . eljiodf pgsf] ljrf/ u|fè
klg x'g ;S5 . ;+;f/sf s'g} klg s'/f / :jod\ efiff ckl/jt{gzLn 5}gg\ . pgL lglát
ts{df c8]sfn] To;df c¿nfO{ ;xdt u/fpg an k'¥ofpg] cfwf/ klg 5 . s] s'/f dggLo 5
eg] of] pgsf] xjfO{ sNkgf xf]Og .
g]kfnL em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngnfO{ efiffsf
If]qdf sfdx¿af6 klg of]ubfg k'lu/x]sf] 5 . afns[i0f kf]v/]n / jNnedl0f bfxfnsf]
;d]t ;+nUgtfdf k|sflzt …‘g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z’
-@)$)_ em/f]{kgsf b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . o;/L g} x]dfÍ/fh clwsf/L /
ab|Lljzfn e§/fO{sf] ;Dkfbgdf lgSn]sf] …‘k|of]ufTds g]kfnL zAbsf]z’ -@)^!_ df klg hgaf]nL /
g]kfnLkgfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ em/f]{kgfk|ltsf] ddtf k|bz{g ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnLsf eflifsfx¿df ePsf cWoog klg
em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf] p2]Zodf ;xfos x'g ;Qm5g\ . u|fDo efiffk|ltsf]
em/f]{jfbLx¿sf] df]x af]nLrfnLsf lglDt dfq geO{ 7]6 zAbx¿sf] cWoog, ;Ëng /
k|of]usf b[li6n] klg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .
o; ;Gbe{df r"8fdl0f aGw' -@)@*_ sf] l;FhfnL eflifsfsf] cWoog ul/Psf] s[lt
…‘s0ff{nL nf]s;+:s[lt’ -v08 $_ efiff,
jNnedl0f bfxfn -O= !(&$_ sf] k'a]{nL g]kfnL, bflh{lnª g]kfnL / :t/Lo
g]kfnLsf] cWoog ul/Psf] zf]wk|aGw ‘P l8l:qmK;g ckm g]kfnL M ln6/]/L PG8
sf]nf]lSjon’, /fdljqmd l;hfklt
-@)%)_ sf] h'DnL eflifsfsf] cWoog ul/Psf] zf]wk|aGw ‘…h'DnL eflifsfsf]
j0f{gfTds cWoog’ tyf o; kª\lQmsf
n]vssf] e]/L If]qLo g]kfnL;Fu ;DalGwt zf]wk|aGw ‘…l;DtfnLsf] efiffj}1flgs cWoog’
-@)^%_ cflbsf] gfd lng ;lsG5 . j|t/fh cfrfo{ -O= !((%_ sf] dfWolds g]kfnLsf]
cWoog ul/Psf] ‘dWoo'uLg g]kfnLsf] ¿kj}1flgs cWoog’
/ ljb'/ rfln;] -@)^$_ sf] k|frLg g]kfnL clen]vsf] cWoog ul/Psf] …‘clen]vLo
g]kfnL efiffdf Jofs/0ftŒjsf] qmlds ljsf;sf] cWoog’
zf]wk|aGwx¿ klg em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ngsf b[li6n] pNn]Vo 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnL
efiff / o;sf eflifsfaf/] :gftsf]Q/ txdf k|:t't zf]wkqx¿af6 klg em/f]{ g]kfnL
cfGbf]ng nfeflGjt 5 .
g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf If]qdf ePsf cWoog–
cg';Gwfg, cf~rlns ;flxTol;h{gf cflbsf dfWodaf6 klg g]kfnL hgefiffn] ;fj{hlgs
x'g] cj;/ kfPsf] 5 . df]tLnfn k/fh'nL, ho/fh kGt, b|f]0fs'df/ pkfWofo, lzjk|;fb kf}8]n, s';'dfs/ Gof}kfg],
s[i0fk|;fb Gof}kfg], uf]ljGb cfrfo{ slknb]j nfld5fg] cflbsf nf]s– ;flxTo;DaGwL
ljBfjfl/lw txsf zf]wk|aGwx¿ tyf af]wljqmd clwsf/L, ;Todf]xg hf]zL, sfnLeQm kGt,
wd{/fh yfkf / x+;k'/] ;'j]bL, k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn …‘ofqL’,
sfhLdfg sGbª\jf, r"8fdl0f aGw', nLnfl;+x sdf{, s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, t'n;L
lbj;, k|bLk l/dfn, b]jsfGt kGt, s?0ffs/ j}B, lzjs'df/ >]i7, jf;'b]j efO;fa,
/Tgfs/ b]jsf]6f, dgf]x/ nfld5fg], ljho rfln;], t]hk|sfz >]i7, ;fljqL sIfklt,
zDe'k|;fb sf]O/fnf cflbsf ;fy} o;
kª\lQmsf n]vsn] If]qLo cWoogsf cfwf/df k|:t't u/]sf nf]s ;flxlTos ;fdu|Lx¿ klg
em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ngsf ;Dansf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . oL ljleÙ sfo{sf ;fy} d'n'ssf
ljleÙ efuaf6 k|sflzt x'g] ‘…;ª\sNk’,
‘…j]bgf’, …‘lem;ld;]’
cflbb]lv g/gfy n'OF6]nsf] …‘lkmTsf}nL’
;Ddsf kqklqsf / ljleÙ k':tsdf cg]s k|sf/sf] em/f]{ k|of]u kfOG5 . ltgsf] a]Un}
cWoog ck]lIft 5 .
%= pk;+xf/
em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf] ;zQm
e"ldsf / k|efjs} sf/0f o;nfO{ …‘jfb’ sf ¿kdf lnO{ g]kfnL efiff;flxTon] o;nfO{ ‘em/f]{jfb’ sf]
;+1f lbPsf] 5 eg] o;df ;dlk{t x'g]x¿
em/f]{jfbLsf ¿kdf ;'kl/lrt 5g\ . em/f]{jfbLx¿dWo] sltkon] o;nfO{ o'jf jf
s]6f}n] hf];df ul/Psf] cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf st}st} rrf{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . ;du| ¿kdf
o; cfGbf]ngsf] k|efjnfO{ x]bf{ eg] o;n] g]kfnL efiff;flxTonfO{ u/]sf] lbzf
lgb]{z ct'ngLo 5 . ;flxTonfO{ Jofks hg;d'bfo;Fu ufF:g] / efiffnfO{ ;fdfGo
dfG5]sf kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg] sfd s'g} rfgr'g] sfd lyPg . cem lxGbLnfO{ /fi6«efiffsf
¿kdf cFufNg rfxg] / g]kfnLnfO{ kG5fpg rfxg]x¿sf nflu t of] cfGbf]ng jh|kft g}
7x¥of] . hgtfn] ga'‰g] ;+:s[tsf] kfl08To k|bz{gn] klg o; cfGbf]ngsf clulNt/
sfon x'g'k¥of] . To;}n] em/f]{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;a}n] cfTd;ft\
u/]sf] kfOG5 . clxn] klg o; cfGbf]ngsf] plQs} cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 / g]kfnL
efiffdf ljb]zL x}sd Pjd\ k|efj b"/ ug{ ;r]t tyf b[9 ¿kdf kfOnf rfNg' kg]{
l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf / dxŒjnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ g} xf]nf jnL -@)$(
M%@_ n] eg]sf 5g\, ‘g]kfnL efiffdf em/f]{ efiffsf] k|of]u Ps o'ufGtsf/L k|of]u
lyof] . g]kfnL efiffnfO{ z'4 / :j:y /fVgsf nflu em/f]{ efiffsf] k|of]u ug'{ cfh
emg\ cfjZos ePsf] 7fG5' .’
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